Method and apparatus for applying free space input for surface constrained control

ABSTRACT

A free space input standard is instantiated on a processor. Free space input is sensed and communicated to the processor. If the free space input satisfies the free space input standard, a touch screen input response is invoked in an operating system. The free space input may be sensed using continuous implicit, discrete implicit, active explicit, or passive explicit approaches. The touch screen input response may be invoked through communicating virtual touch screen input, a virtual input event, or a virtual command to or within the operating system. In this manner free space gestures may control existing touch screen interfaces and devices, without modifying those interfaces and devices directly to accept free space gestures.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/175,671, filed Feb. 14, 2021 which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/458,470, filed Jul. 1, 2019, which is acontinuation of U.S. Pat. No. 10,401,966, which patent was issued fromU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/713,954, filed May 15, 2015. Theentirety of the aforementioned references is hereby incorporated byreference for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The disclosure relates to controlling electronic devices with posturesand/or gestures. The disclosure relates more particularly using freespace (e.g. substantially unbounded and/or three dimensional) postures,gestures, and/or other input to invoke surface constrained inputfunctions, and to control devices adapted to respond thereto.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

Input may be delivered through manipulations constrained to a surface,such as through the use of a so-called “touch screen” interface. Touchscreens incorporate a contact sensing surface that overlays a visualdisplay. Such an arrangement enables user to deliver input by physicalcontact, e.g. by touching a fingertip to the touch screen, moving thatfingertip from place to place while in contact with the touch screen,etc.

Various specific contacts or sets of contacts with a touch screen may beassigned to correspond with specific functions for a device or system incommunication with the touch screen. For example, touching the screenwith a fingertip, sliding the fingertip to the right while remaining incontact with the touch screen, and lifting the fingertip away from thesurface of the touch screen may collectively be referred to as a “rightswipe”, with a function such as “move screen contents to the right”being associated therewith.

However, physical contact input and/or surface constrained input may notbe desirable in all circumstances. For example, in at least certaininstances there may exist concerns regarding contamination, potentialdamage to the touch screen, difficulties in holding a physical screenwhile delivering inputs, etc. In addition, touch screens typically arelimited to receiving only input that may be delivered on a finite, twodimensional surface.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The embodiments are directed to a variety of systems, apparatus,methods, and paradigms for applying free space input for surfaceconstrained control.

In one embodiment, a method is provided that includes establishing afree space input standard in a processor, sensing with a sensor a freespace input, and communicating the free space input to the processor. Ifthe free space input satisfies the free space input standard, a surfaceconstrained input response for a surface constrained input is invoked inthe processor.

The free space input standard may be a three dimensional input standard.The free space input standard may be a gesture standard and/or a posturestandard. The free space input standard may include a standard formotion of an end effector in free space.

The surface constrained input may include a touch screen input, atouchdown, and/or a touchdown and swipe.

Sensing the free space input may include imaging, stereo imaging, videoimaging, and depth imaging said free space input, may include evaluationover time, and may include evaluation of multiple images at intervalsover time.

An apparatus may be controlled with the surface constrained inputresponse.

The free space input standard may include multiple end effectorstandards for at least one end effector, considered collectively for theend effector with regard to the free space input. The free space inputstandard may include various standards, e.g., for speed, velocity,position, orientation, direction, acceleration, joint angle, separation,extension, and/or selection of the end effector.

The free space input standard may include a profile of a finger-extendedside to side swipe considering path shape, velocity, acceleration, andjoint position over time. The free space input standard may includevarious standards, e.g., standards for speed, velocity, position,orientation, direction, acceleration, joint angle, separation,extension, and selection of the end effector.

The free space input standard may include multiple end effector motionstandards for an end effector considered sequentially with regard to atleast first and second sub-standards, the first sub-standardcorresponding to the first portion of a surface constrained input andthe second sub-standard corresponding to the second portion of thesurface constrained input, with the first and second portions beingconsidered sequentially with regard to the free space input.

The free space input standard may include a standard for an effectorcontacting a bounding region, such that the end effector contacting thebounding region corresponds to a contact with a constraining surface ofa surface constrained input.

The bounding region may include a spherical shell, a flat plane, and/ora rectilinear volume. The bounding region may at least substantiallyalign with the surface of a physical object. The free space inputstandard may include standards for speed, velocity, position,orientation, direction, acceleration, joint angle, separation,extension, and/or selection of the end effector.

The free space input standard may include multiple end effector motionstandards for an end effector and an indication at least substantiallycontemporary with motion of the end effector. The indication may includea hand posture, a hand gesture, an eye posture, an eye gesture, and/or avoice command. The free space input standard may include standards forspeed, velocity, position, orientation, direction, acceleration, jointangle, separation, extension, and/or selection of the end effector.

The free space input standard may include multiple state standards. Thestate standards may be adapted to be combined to form multiple freespace input standards, with each free space input standard correspondingwith a free space input. Each state standard may include a standard fora motion of an end effector.

In another embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes means forestablishing a free space input standard in a processor, means forsensing with a sensor a free space input, and means for communicatingthe free space input to the processor. The apparatus also includes meansfor invoking in the processor a surface constrained input response for asurface constrained input, if the free space input satisfies the freespace input standard.

In another embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes aprocessor adapted to execute executable instructions, and a sensor incommunication with the processor. The apparatus includes a free spaceinput standard instantiated on the processor, and a free space inputcomparer instantiated on the processor and adapted to compare a freespace input against the free space input standard. The apparatus alsoincludes a surface constrained input response invoker instantiated onthe processor and adapted to invoke in the processor a surfaceconstrained input response for a surface constrained input.

The processor and sensor may be disposed on a head mounted display.

In another embodiment, a method is provided that includes establishing afree space input standard in a processor, sensing a free space inputwith a sensor, and communicating the free space input to the processor.The method includes generating in the processor a surface constrainedcommunication, and communicating the surface constrained communicationto a data entity, wherein the data entity executes a responsecorresponding with a surface constrained input, if the free space inputsatisfies the free space input standard.

The data entity may include an operating system, and/or may beinstantiated on the processor.

The free space input may include three dimensional input, and/or mayinclude a hand posture and/or a hand gesture.

The method may include generating in the processor a virtual surfaceconstrained input, and communicating the virtual surface constrainedinput to the data entity, wherein the data entity accepts the virtualsurface constrained input as surface constrained input and executes aresponse corresponding with the surface constrained input, if the freespace input satisfies the free space input standard. Communicating thevirtual surface constrained input to the data entity may includeestablishing a virtual surface constrained input link and identifyingthe virtual surface constrained input link to the data entity as apractical surface constrained input source.

The virtual surface constrained input may include a virtual touch screeninput. The virtual surface constrained input may include a virtualtouchdown input. The virtual surface constrained input may include avirtual touchdown and swipe input. The virtual surface constrained inputmay include at least x and y coordinates and pressure over time at leastsubstantially corresponding with a touchdown and swipe on a touchscreen.

The method may include generating the virtual surface constrained inputconsidering said free space input. The virtual surface constrained inputmay include a translation of the free space input into a correspondingsurface constrained form. The method may include generating the virtualsurface constrained input exclusive of the free space input.

The method may include generating in the processor a virtual surfaceconstrained input event for the data entity, and communicating thevirtual surface constrained input event to the data entity, wherein thedata entity accepts the virtual surface constrained input event as asurface constrained input event and executes a response correspondingwith the surface constrained input event, if the free space inputsatisfies the free space input standard. Communicating the virtualsurface constrained input event to the data entity may includeestablishing a virtual event link and identifying the virtual event linkto the data entity as a practical event source.

The virtual surface constrained input event may include a virtual touchscreen input event, a virtual touchdown input event, and/or a virtualtouchdown and swipe input event.

The method may include generating in the processor a virtual command fora data entity, and communicating the virtual command to the data entity,wherein the data entity accepts the virtual command as a command andexecutes a response corresponding with the command, if the free spaceinput satisfies the free space input standard. Communicating the virtualcommand to said data entity may include establishing a virtual commandlink and identifying the virtual command link to the data entity as apractical command source.

The virtual command may include a virtual touch screen command, avirtual touchdown command, and/or a virtual touchdown-and-swipe command.

The method may include controlling an apparatus with the response.

In another embodiment, a method is provided that includes establishingin a processor of a head mounted display a free space input standardincluding a standard for speed, velocity, direction, acceleration, jointangle, digit separation, digit extension, and/or digit selection of ahand gesture in free space. The method includes sensing with a depthimager of the head mounted display multiple depth images of the freespace input of the hand gesture over time, and communicating the freespace input to the processor. If the free space input satisfies saidfree space input standard, a virtual touch screen touchdown and swipeinput is generated in the processor, and the virtual touch screentouchdown and swipe input is communicated to an operating system suchthat the operating system executes a response thereto, and controllingthe head mounted display with the response.

In another embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes means forestablishing a free space input standard in a processor, means forsensing a free space input, and means for communicating the free spaceinput to the processor. The apparatus also includes means for generatingin the processor a virtual surface constrained communication andcommunicating the surface constrained communication to the data entity,such that the data entity executes a response corresponding with thecommunication, if the free space input satisfies the free space inputstandard.

In another embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes aprocessor and a sensor in communication with the processor. Theapparatus includes a free space input standard instantiated on theprocessor, and a free space input comparer instantiated on the processorand adapted to compare a free space input against the free space inputstandard. The apparatus further includes a virtual surface constrainedcommunication generator instantiated on the processor and adapted togenerate a surface constrained communication, and a communicatorinstantiated on the processor and adapted to communicate the surfaceconstrained communication to a data entity, such that the data entityexecutes a response corresponding with a surface constrained input.

The processor and sensor may be disposed on a head mounted display. Thesensor may include a depth imager.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Like reference numbers generally indicate corresponding elements in thefigures.

FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B show examples of touch screen input in the form of aright swipe, in top and perspective views respectively.

FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D show individual events in touch screen input, inperspective view.

FIG. 3 shows an example arrangement for free space input, in top view.

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show another example arrangement for free spaceinput according to, in front and back perspective views respectively.

FIG. 5 shows an example initial hand position for free space input, inperspective view.

FIG. 6 shows an example arrangement for free space input for invokingsurface constrained input, with continuous implicit form.

FIG. 7 shows an example arrangement for free space input, illustratingan example of an excluded phenomenon as may be considered in a standard.

FIG. 8 shows another example arrangement for free space input,illustrating another example of an excluded phenomenon as may beconsidered in a standard.

FIG. 9 shows an example arrangement for free space input for invokingsurface constrained input, with discrete implicit form.

FIG. 10 shows an arrangement for free space input for invoking surfaceconstrained input, with passive explicit form and incorporating abounding surface.

FIG. 11A through FIG. 11D show an arrangement for free space input forinvoking surface constrained input, with passive explicit form andincorporating a bounding volume.

FIG. 12A through FIG. 12D show an arrangement for free space input forinvoking surface constrained input, with active explicit form.

FIG. 13 shows an example method for applying free space input forsurface constrained control, in flow chart form.

FIG. 14 shows another example method for applying free space input forsurface constrained control, with a continuous implicit approach, inflow chart form.

FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B show another example method for applying freespace input for surface constrained control, with a discrete implicitapproach, in flow chart form.

FIG. 16 shows an example arrangement for sensing free space input, witha continuous implicit approach, in perspective view.

FIG. 17 shows another example arrangement for sensing free space input,with a discrete implicit approach, in perspective view

FIG. 18 shows another example method for applying free space input forsurface constrained control, with a passive explicit approach, in flowchart form.

FIG. 19 shows another example method for applying free space input forsurface constrained control, with an active explicit approach, in flowchart form.

FIG. 20 shows an example method according to for applying free spaceinput for surface constrained control, invoking a response throughvirtual input, in flow chart form.

FIG. 21 shows another example method according to for applying freespace input for surface constrained control, invoking a response throughvirtual input to a head mounted display, in flow chart form.

FIG. 22 shows an example method according to for applying free spaceinput for surface constrained control, invoking a response throughvirtual events to a head mounted display, in flow chart form.

FIG. 23 shows an example method according to for applying free spaceinput for surface constrained control, invoking a response throughvirtual commands to a head mounted display, in flow chart form.

FIG. 24A and FIG. 24B show an example method according to for applyingfree space input for surface constrained control, with a discreteimplicit approach and invoking a response through virtual commands to ahead mounted display, in flow chart form.

FIG. 25 shows an example embodiment of an apparatus according to, inschematic form.

FIG. 26 shows another example embodiment of an apparatus according to,showing additional elements, in schematic form.

FIG. 27 shows an example embodiment of an apparatus according to, inperspective view.

FIG. 28 shows a block diagram of a processing system that may implementoperations of.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of the disclosure address the use of free spaceinputs to invoke surface constrained inputs, for example the use ofthree dimensional gestures in space to in some fashion cause theexecution of a command otherwise associated with a touch screen input.It may therefore be illuminating to consider certain properties ofsurface constrained inputs, using as an example a “right swipe” inputfor a touch screen. A right swipe applied as input to certain touchscreens and/or devices controlled by touch screens (such as smartphones, tablet computers, etc.) may, for example, move displayed contentto the right, “flip the page” on an e-book, or perform other functions.

With reference to FIG. 1A, therein is shown a top down view of inputbeing delivered through a touch screen, in the form of a right swipe. Asmay be seen, for a right swipe, the hand 104A is moved from left toright as shown by motion arrow 106A (shown here for clarity, notnecessarily visible in practice) while the hand 104A is in contact withthe touch screen 102A. As illustrated in the arrangement of FIG. 1A thetouch screen 102A is part of a tablet computer, but this is an exampleonly.

Now with reference to FIG. 1B, another view of a similar right swipe isagain shown, in this illustration a perspective view from slightly aboveand in front of the touch screen 102B. Again, as may be seen the hand104B is in contact with the touch screen 102B (more specifically, theextended index fingertip thereof is in contact with the touch screen102B), and moves from left to right (as seen by a viewer; right to leftfrom the perspective shown) as indicated by motion arrow 106B.

Considered purely as a motion, a right swipe may appear to be simple innature: motion from left to right. However, in practice an input asdelivered via a touch screen interface is not necessarily merely motion.Operating systems and other programs or executable instructionssupporting touch screens typically address touch screen input as severaldistinct events. FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D present an example breakdown ofcertain events that may be present in a right swipe. However, it shouldbe understood that the events shown in FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D may notnecessarily be exhaustive, and additional and/or different events may beconsidered for certain touch screen interfaces. Furthermore, a rightswipe is only one of many potential inputs, and other inputs also mayconsider other events.

Now with reference to FIG. 2A, therein is shown another perspective viewof a touch screen 202A. The arrangement of FIG. 2A represents an initialcondition before the right swipe is input into the touch screen. A hand204A is poised above the touch screen 202A; at the time shown, nocontact has been made between hand 204A and touch screen 202A.

Continuing in FIG. 2B, as may be seen from a comparison with FIG. 2A thehand 204B has descended toward the touch screen 202B, such that the hand204B is in contact with the touch screen 202B. The downward motion alsomay be understood from the motion arrow 206B. Also shown in FIG. 2B is acontact marker 208B indicating a point of contact between the hand 204Band the touch screen 202B. As of yet, no left to right motion hasoccurred by the hand 204B across the surface of the touch screen 202B.

The contact marker 208B is shown to emphasize that contact is indeedpresent between hand 204B and touch screen 202B. (The contact marker208B is illustrative, and may not be visible in practice.) Contacttypically may be of considerable significance in touch screen input, notmerely as a way to track motion across the surface of a touch screen202B but as an input event in itself. This significance is addressed inmore detail with regard to the remainder of FIG. 2 .

Now with reference to FIG. 2C, as may be seen from a comparison withFIG. 2B the hand 204C has moved from left to right (as seen by a viewer)across the surface of the touch screen 202C, while in contact therewith.The left to right motion also may be understood from the motion arrow206C. As may be seen and as emphasized with contact marker 208C, thehand 204C remains in contact with the touch screen 202C, and remained incontact with the touch screen 202C throughout the motion shown by motionarrow 206C.

Continuing in FIG. 2D, as may be seen from a comparison with FIG. 2C thehand 204D has moved upward from the surface of the touch screen 202D, sothat the hand 204D is no longer in contact with the touch screen 202D.The upward motion also may be understood from the motion arrow 206D. Acontact marker 208D showing the last point of contact between hand 204Dand touch screen 202D is also shown for illustrative purposes, althoughsuch contact is no longer ongoing.

Although the term “right swipe” explicitly refers only to a rightwardmotion, in practice a right swipe may in fact constitute multipleevents. For example, as shown collectively in FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D, aright swipe may be conceptualized as incorporating e.g.: a touchdownevent representing the hand 204B making contact with the touch screen202B at a contact point 208B as shown in FIG. 2B; a swipe eventrepresenting the swipe motion proper wherein the hand 204C moves acrossthe touch screen 202C while remaining in contact with the touch screen202C at contact marker 208C as shown in FIG. 2C; and a liftoff eventrepresenting the hand 204D leaving contact with the touch screen 202Dfrom a former contact point 208D.

Although the arrangements in FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D are an exampleonly, typically touch screens may in fact utilize similar multiple-eventarrangements in receiving input. That is, a touch screen may requireboth a touchdown event and a swipe event (and/or a liftoff event, etc.).Such events may be sensed independently, and processed distinctly by aprocessor (and/or an operating system or other program instantiatedthereon), such that the swipe event alone may not be accepted as a swipeinput if the touchdown event, the liftoff event, or both are absent (ornot properly associated with the swipe in some manner).

Thus even though the swipe motion itself might be considered to “define”a swipe in conversational terms, in terms of implementation delivering aswipe input may require one or more additional events such as touchdownand/or liftoff events. Typically this may be a practical consideration;in order to reliably discern a swipe from other inputs, noise, etc., itmay be useful to require a well-defined beginning (touchdown) and/or awell-defined end (liftoff) for the swipe.

As noted, various embodiments address the use of free space inputs toinvoke surface constrained inputs; to continue the example of FIG. 2Athrough FIG. 2D, this may include using a three dimensional hand swipinggesture to cause a processor, processor controlled device, system, etc.,to execute a function associated by that processor with a swipe input toa touch screen.

At least certain advantages of such an arrangement may be to relate toenabling the application of already-existing hardware, software,expertise, etc. for touch screens and other surface constrained inputinterfaces to new devices, interfaces, methods of input and control,etc.

Consider for example an electronic device already adapted to acceptinput from a touch screen, such as a smart phone. Such a device mayoperate at least in part through the use of an operating systeminstantiated onto a processor thereof, such as the Android OS. In thecase of Android as a concrete example, support already exists thereinfor recognizing touch screen inputs such as swipes, for sensing theevents that make up gestures (e.g. touchdown, swipe, etc. for a rightswipe as described above), and for invoking various commands and/orother functions within a device running Android in response to suchtouch screen inputs.

Similarly, given the existence of an electronic device adapted to acceptinput from a touch screen, a substantial body of additional programs,plug-ins, data files, etc. other than an operating system also may beavailable for use with such a device. Again to consider Android as aconcrete example, this may include media players, games, messagingapplications, video conferencing programs, etc.

Typically, operating systems and/or other programs adapted for use witha device or system accepting touch screen input may include thereincapabilities to recognize, receive, respond to, etc., such touch screeninput. However, such operating systems and/or other programs typicallymay not be adapted to accept input using new approaches, such asgestures in free space.

In colloquial terms, an existing smart phone may not respond to handgestures. This may be true even if the smart phone in principle hassuitable sensors, such as a camera, for sensing hand gesture input. Evenwith such sensors, the smart phone (or other device or system) may forexample lack an ability to discern such gestures as well-defined input,and/or suitable instructions for responding to such gestures even ifrecognized.

Various embodiments support enabling at least the ability to address thetwo aforementioned issues: discerning free space gestures, andcommunicating such gestures so as to be usable as input. Although thesedo not necessarily represent the only functions or advantages, both areaddressed as examples in greater detail subsequently herein.

In addressing such matters to enable touch screen input devices andsystems to accept free space gestures, various advantages follow. Forexample, writing a new operating system for electronic devices thataccepts free space gesture input, and/or modifying an operating systemsufficiently as to enable free space gesture input, may represent anon-trivial problem. Creating and/or making major changes to operatingsystems typically is notorious for being expensive, time consuming, andfraught with potential bugs. Similarly, writing or adapting individualprograms to accept free space input also may be problematic. Variousembodiments enable the use of existing code, operating systems,programs, libraries, plug-ins, etc., as well as existing hardware, withfree space input. This may represent a potential savings in time,effort, money, etc., and also facilitates ongoing use of a large body ofexisting software (i.e. “backward compatibility”).

Furthermore, if free space gestures are used that in some fashionresemble or otherwise correspond with familiar touch screen inputs,users may more readily adapt to using free space gestures. As a moreconcrete example, if a left to right swipe gesture in free space is madeto represent a left to right swipe on a touch screen, with similar orequivalent physical motions and/or similar or equivalent systemresponses thereto, then users may more readily adapt to the use of freespace gestures as inputs. From the point of view of a user, he or shemay be “doing the same thing” (at least as far as that user isconcerned) to control a device or system with free space gestures as tocontrol a device or system with touch screen inputs. Although in factthe methods for handling input may be very different for free spacegestures than for touch screen inputs, if there is apparent similarityas far as the user is considered then user barriers to adopting freespace gesture input may be reduced.

As noted, various embodiments provide functions including but notnecessarily limited to enabling free space gestures to be discerned, andexisting functions to be invoked in response thereto. The formerfunction now will be addressed; the latter will be addressed in moredetail subsequently herein.

As described previously with regard to FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D, surfaceconstrained input approaches such as touch screens may, and typicallydo, rely on sensing events that correspond with actual contact between afinger and a physical touch pad surface. Recognizing a right swipe thusmay include registering a touchdown event and a motion in contact with asurface (and may include other events such as registering a liftoff,etc.). For free space inputs such as hand postures and gestures, suchphysical surface typically is absent. Thus, recognizing a free spaceright swipe gesture as an input corresponding with a touch screen rightswipe gesture may be problematic, since certain events—notably thoseinvolving physical contact—do not and typically cannot occur in a freespace gesture.

More colloquially, this issue may be considered as a question: how doesone replace a touch screen swipe with an apparently similar free spaceswipe when there is no touch screen to touch?

Several examples of approaches are now illustrated and described hereinfor discerning free space gesture inputs as may serve as analogs totouch screen inputs. It is emphasized that these are examples only.Although the right swipe input used as an example thus far is likewisepresented as an example here, inputs are not limited only to a rightswipe, a swipe, or any other particular gesture or input. In addition,approaches other than those illustrated and described herein may beequally suitable. Furthermore, although it may be advantageous in atleast some instances to utilize free space gestures that bear visualsimilarity to surface constrained inputs (e.g. a free space swipegesture to a touch screen swipe), this is not required; free spacegestures need not be identical to, or necessarily even similar to, anysurface constrained input.

Now with reference to FIG. 3 , while touch screen and other surfaceconstrained inputs may rely on rigidly-defined geometry to supportinputs, for free space gestures there may not necessarily be any suchgeometry present. For example, in the arrangement of FIG. 3 a hand 304is present, having carried out a left to right motion as indicated bymotion arrow 306. Where a touch screen might sense such motion throughphysical contact with a surface, FIG. 3 also shows an imager 310 havinga field of view 312 that encompasses at least a portion of the hand 304and the motion thereof 306.

Turning to FIG. 4A, where FIG. 3 may be considered somewhat abstract(e.g. in showing a simple, disconnected camera outline), FIG. 4A shows aperspective view of an arrangement of an apparatus 414A in the form of ahead mounted display, as resembling a pair of glasses. As may be seen,the apparatus 414A includes thereon two imagers 410A, such as to sense ahand 404A and motions thereof. (Although typically while in use the headmounted display 414A may be worn by a person, the head, face, etc.thereof may not necessarily participate directly in gesture input,sensing of same, processing and execution of commands, etc., and so isomitted for simplicity. It is emphasized that even though a hand 404A isshown in FIG. 404A, and hands also are shown and referred to elsewhereherein for purposes of clarity, neither hands nor users as a whole arenecessarily to be considered part of embodiments in themselves.)

FIG. 4B shows a similar arrangement to FIG. 4A, illustrated from adifferent viewing perspective such as might more closely resemble thatof a viewer, i.e. the apparatus 414B is shown from behind with imagers410B disposed thereon, and positioned such that the imagers 410B maysense a hand 404B and/or motions thereof.

With reference now to FIG. 5 , therein is shown a hand 504 in freespace. The arrangement of FIG. 5 may be considered to represent astarting position for certain free space gesture inputs shown anddescribed hereafter. In addition, the arrangement shown in FIG. 5 may beconsidered as being illustrative of an issue already described: namely,for free space gestures utilizing physical contact with a touch screenor similar to recognize events and/or inputs may be problematic when nosuch surface may be present.

Considering FIG. 6 through FIG. 10D collectively, therein are shownseveral arrangements for in free space gestures inputs comparable withsurface constrained inputs. Unless otherwise specified, gestures shownin FIG. 6 through FIG. 10D may be considered to show configurationsafter or during gestures, gestures therein having initiated with aconfiguration similar to that shown in FIG. 5 .

Turning to FIG. 6 , a hand 604 is shown therein having executed agesture as shown by motion marker 606. As may be seen from motion marker606, the motion of the hand 604 (from an initial configuration similarto that in FIG. 5 ) was initially downward and left to right (as seen bythe person making the motion), then left to right while level, thenupward while continuing left to right. FIG. 6 represents the motion ofthe hand 604 as substantially a single continuum, as may be understoodfrom the single continuous motion marker 606.

It may be noted that the arrangement shown in FIG. 6 reflects one of theissues that various embodiments address: namely, a lack of well-defined“landmarks” in a free space gesture, as compared with more concretephysical contact events (e.g. touchdown) available for surfaceconstrained inputs. Various embodiments may address this lack, whilestill enabling input through the use of free space gestures at leastsomewhat comparable to touch screen inputs, in a number of ways.

A number of variations on characterizing, interpreting, distinguishing,etc. various free space inputs are described herein. For purposes ofidentification, the arrangement shown in FIG. 6 may be considered torepresent a “continuous implicit” approach. That is, the features bywhich a free space gesture (or other input) are discerned, and by whichthat free space gesture is distinguished from other input gestures, areaddressed considering the motion as a continuous entity. (As opposed tobe considered in parts, as described subsequently herein.) With regardto “implicit”, for an arrangement wherein a free space gesture is madeto be analogous to a surface constrained input, the presence of certainevents associated with that surface constrained input—such as touchdownon a surface, swipe along the surface, and liftoff from the surface fora touch screen—are in some sense implicit. That is, those events may notexist in concrete form (for example because there is no surface totouch), and may have no explicit substitutes. For the arrangement shownin FIG. 6 , for example, motion may be understood as a swipe due to theparameters of the motion itself, and/or similar factors, even withoutthere necessarily being an analog either executed or sensed tospecifically represent for a touchdown, etc. The motions themselvesdefine the swipe, thus in some sense events such as touchdown may beconsidered to be implied. However, this is a descriptive and explanatoryexample only, and the term “continuous implicit” should not be taken aslimiting.

For the arrangement of FIG. 6 , wherein a free space gesture ispresented as a single substantially continuous motion, a standard fordetermining whether that motion is to be considered as an inputanalogous to a touch screen swipe may be defined by properties of themotion itself. For example, a free space motion may be considered torepresent a swipe gesture only if the left to right motion issubstantially continuous, e.g. without pause, motion from right to left,etc. There may be requirement for an initial downward motion, arequirement for a terminal upward motion, and/or a requirement forsubstantially no vertical motion for some intermediate portion of themotion. A range of accelerations may be specified. Any or all suchdefining requirements might be part of a standard for which thearrangement of FIG. 6 may be considered an example.

The embodiments are not particularly limited with regard to whatfeatures of free space manipulation may be required, excluded, and orotherwise considered in discerning gestures, postures, and/or otherinput. Although relatively simple characteristics (speed, direction,acceleration, etc.) have been noted thus far, other and/or more complexfactors may be considered.

For example, human motion typically is preferentially within, and insome instances may be physically limited to, certain arcs and otherpaths. This may result from a number of factors, such as joint anatomy.As a simple example, and still considering a left to right swipe, agesture carried out by moving the hand at the wrist may differ in path,speed, range of motion, etc. from a gesture carried out by moving thearm at the elbow. Such differences may be relied upon to distinguish onegesture from another, to determine whether a gesture is beingintentionally delivered as opposed to being incidental motion, and soforth. Free space input standards may consider such factors (though thisis an example only, and is not required.)

In addition, standards may include negative as well as positive factors,that is, prohibitions as well as requirements. For example, factors thatexclude certain motions from being interpreted as certain free spacegesture inputs also may be part of standards therefor. As a moreconcrete example, consider two gestures: a swipe and a tap.

FIG. 6 as already noted illustrates an example of a free space swipegesture. Now with reference to FIG. 7 , therein is shown an example of afree space tap gesture. In certain cases a tap may be considered to be asubstantially vertical motion, e.g. a downward motion, with a suddenstop and/or a sudden reverse motion. However, in the tap shown in FIG. 7the hand 704 may be seen to have moved additionally from left to right(as seen by the viewer) according to the motion arrow 706.

It is noted that, in practice, free space gestures may tend to “drift”in their motions. That is, persons executing gestures in free space maynot exercise the same degree of precision, control, repeatability, etc.as in inputs delivered on a touch screen. It may be speculated that suchdrift may be due at least in part to the absence of a well-definedphysical object with which the user interacts. A physical interfacedevice such as a touch screen may provide tactile feedback (e.g. asurface upon which to tap), a visible and specific target with which tointeract, etc. A lack of such foci may contribute to what may beconsidered a certain “sloppiness” in delivering gestural inputs. Thearrangement shown in FIG. 7 may be an example of such, wherein a userintends to delivers a tap input but does not restrict the left to rightmotion of his or her hand 704 while doing so.

Regardless of cause, such drift, sloppiness, etc. may serve to obfuscategestural inputs. Through a comparison of FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 , it may beobserved that in both examples the hands 604 and 704 therein executeleft to right motions combined with an initial downward motion and aterminal upward motion. A standard for a free space input based on sucha sequence of left to right, upward, and downward motions may be unableto distinguish between a swipe as in FIG. 6 and a tap as in FIG. 7 .

However, as noted, a standard for a free space input may incorporateexclusions as well as positive requirements. For example, a taptypically may include a “bounce”, a rapid stop and/or reversal ofdownward motion to upward motion. A standard for a swipe may be definedso as to exclude such a bounce, e.g. by excluding sudden stops invertical motion, rapid reversals in vertical velocity, excessivevertical acceleration (corresponding with such rapid reversals), or byother considerations.

Similarly, with regard now to FIG. 8 , therein is shown a side view ofanother potential form of free space tap input. Therein, a hand 804 isshown, with the extended index finger thereof having moved along adownward arc as indicated by motion arrow 806. Such motion as shown inFIG. 8 may be typical of certain taps, but may not typically beassociated with swipes. Thus, a standard for a free space swipe inputmay exclude and/or limit a degree of motion of the first joint of anindex finger; thus if such motion is present, as in FIG. 8 , the motionmay be considered to not be a swipe. (Conversely, such motion may beconsidered as a necessary or optional feature for a standard defining afree space tap gesture.)

More broadly, absolute motions and/or positions (and/or features thereofsuch as velocity, acceleration, and so forth), anatomical motions and/orpositions (e.g. for various joints), etc. may be considered either aspositive factors required to be present by a standard, and/or asnegative factors required to be absent by a standard.

Furthermore, considerations such as where, when, and/or how a motion orother factor is exhibited also may be part of standards for free spaceinput. As an example, for ergonomic reasons a swipe gesture typicallymay be carried out with the fingers of the hand pointing generally awayfrom the user's body, rather than with the fingers pointing inwardtoward the user's body. A free space swipe standard thus may excludearrangements with fingers pointing inward may for at least certainembodiments, e.g. considering such motions to be errors or “noise”,irrelevant gestures from another person, deliberate interference, etc.

Further with regard to noise, standards also may consider degrees ofvarious factors. For example, even if a free space swipe standard wereto exclude vertical motion in a middle portion thereof (such as to avoidmisinterpreting a sloppy tap gesture as a swipe), that exclusion mayinclude some degree of permissible vertical motion. That it, it may beanticipated that a certain amount of vertical motion may be presentincidentally, due to imperfect motor control of the person making thegesture, imperfect positional sensing of the hand (e.g. errors orvariations introduced in a sensor or a processor), and so forth. Thusalthough vertical motion may be nominally excluded from the free spaceswipe standard (or along some portion thereof), such exclusion is notnecessarily required to be absolute. In colloquial terms, standards mayinclude “wiggle room”, with regard to positive and/or negative factorsthereof.

Turning now to FIG. 9 , as noted standards may apply differentrequirements and/or exclusions to different portions of a given input,for example a swipe gesture may permit vertical motion at the beginningand end thereof but not in the middle. To facilitate such variations ofstandards over time, distance, and so forth, for at least certainembodiments it may be useful to break up standards, and thus to break upconsideration of inputs, into distinct blocks. FIG. 9 shows such anarrangement. In FIG. 9 , a hand 904 is shown having carried out a seriesof motions represented by motion arrows 906A, 906B, and 906C. As may beobserved through comparison with FIG. 6 , the combination of motionsrepresented by motion arrows 906A, 906B, and 906C in FIG. 9 is at leastsomewhat similar to the motion represented in FIG. 6 by motion marker606.

However, in the arrangement of FIG. 9 the overall motion has beensubdivided: a motion 906A downward and to the right (as seen by theuser), a sequential motion 906B to the right while remaining level, andanother sequential motion 906C upward and to the right. In the exampleof FIG. 9 , the motions may be broken down by certain features thereof:vertical downward motion in 906A, lack of vertical motion in 906B, andvertical upward motion in 906C, for example.

Such a breakdown is permitted within the scope of various embodiments. Astandard may be broken down into two or more sub-standards, e.g. for thearrangement of FIG. 9 one substandard each for the portions representedby motion arrows 906A, 906B, and 906C. The sub-standards may even beconsidered as self-contained entities in their own rights. For example,certain embodiments may consider each of the motion arrows 906A, 906B,and 906C to represent a single “state”, e.g. a downward motion withcertain parameters, a level motion with other parameters, and an upwardmotion with yet other parameters.

While such a breakdown of free space inputs into states may in someinstances be merely a logical or analytical approach, in at leastcertain embodiments defining free space gestural motions in terms ofstates may feature in the implementation of the invention itself. Forexample, a collection of states, rules for arranging states, and soforth may be implemented as a form of programming convention. Thus, astandard for a particular free space gesture might be a series ofstates, e.g. if states were to be identified by capital letters agesture then may be signified with ACBA to represent a particular fourstate sequence made up of A, B, and C states. (Other conventions mightbe utilized for states to be carried out in parallel, e.g. multi-fingergestures, two handed gestures, etc.)

As a more concrete example, if state A is a downward motion, state B isa rapid reverse, and state C is an upward motion, a tap gesture may beABC, and a double tap ABCABC. It is emphasized that states are notnecessarily unique to one gesture; states A and C from the tap/doubletap example (downward and upward motions respectively) may also be usedas part of a swipe gesture, e.g. ADC where D is a horizontal motion(left to right, right to left, etc.).

Indeed, a group of states may in certain embodiments be analogous to a“language”. If each state represents (as shown in FIG. 9 ) a discretelydefined motion, configuration, and/or other input element (such as apause without motion, a vocal input, the noise of a finger snap or afinger contacting a surface, a key press, etc.), then a relatively smallgroup of states may be used to define an extremely large group ofgestures. For example, given a set of 25 states arranged in three stategestures more than 15,000 gestures are mathematically possible. For agiven number of states, as the number of states per gesture increases(for example, from 3 states in the above example to 4) the number ofmathematically possible gestures also increases, and the number ofgestures also may increase if the number of states per gesture is notfixed (e.g. a gesture includes at least 1 state and not more than 6).

In practice not all such gestures may be convenient for the user, maynot be readily distinguished by available sensors, etc., so not allmathematically possible gestures for a given set of states may be used(nor are all possible gestures required to be used, even for thoseembodiments that do utilize a state language, which also is notrequired). However, even 1% of the approximately 15,000 gestures in theexample above would represent about 150 gestures. Thus, a relativelysmall number of states nevertheless may support an extensive and/ordiverse group of potential gesture inputs.

Use of states to build up a language of gestures in such manner mayexhibit certain advantages, for example in terms of efficiency. In theexample above, 150 unique gestures may be assembled from only 25 states.Thus, rather than defining, coding, debugging, etc. 150 differentgestures, it may be suitable to define, code, debug, etc. only 25states. This smaller number of states than gestures may in at leastcertain instances represent a smaller cost in resources. In addition, agesture made up of multiple states typically may be longer and/or morecomplex than each of the individual states making up that gesture; thus,defining, coding, debugging, etc. each individual state may be lessresource intensive than defining, coding, debugging, etc. each completegesture, potentially providing additional savings in resources (e.g.time, money, processing power, memory, etc.).

However, the use of a state language, like the use of states and/orother discrete gesture elements, is an example only, and is notrequired. Other arrangements may be equally suitable.

As noted previously with regard to FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D, touch screeninputs may in certain cases be interpreted in some instances as a seriesof events, such as touchdown, swipe, and liftoff. Although thearrangement shown in FIG. 9 may be interpreted as representing threefree space states that correspond one-for-one with the three touchscreen events of FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D, this is an example only.One-for-one correspondence with touch screen events is not required, norare touch screen events (where used) even necessarily considered inestablishing free space standards (though such consideration andone-for-one correspondence also are not excluded).

In contrast with the arrangement shown for example in FIG. 6 , which maybe described for comparison purposes as a “continuous implicit”approach, the arrangement in FIG. 9 may be referred to as a “discreteimplicit” approach. While the free space swipe gesture shown in FIG. 9is now broken into and/or considered as three states rather than as asingle continuous motion, a free space gesture invoking a surfaceconstrained response according to FIG. 9 still may not include explicitequivalents of events such as a touchdown to a surface; such factorsstill may be described as being inferred, e.g. from the motions 906A,906B, and 906C.

Turning now to FIG. 10 , some embodiments may include bounding for freespace gestures. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 10 , a hand 1004 hasdelivered a free space swipe input, with motion shown by motion arrows1006A, 1006B, and 1006C (potentially but not necessarily representingindividual states making up the full motion). In addition, as may beseen, a boundary 1016 is shown in FIG. 10 , in the form of a rectangularplane (shown cross-hatched for visibility).

In the example of FIG. 10 , the boundary 1016 serves as substitute for aphysical surface such as a touch pad. With the boundary 1016 defined,contact with that boundary 1016 also may be defined. For example, ananalog to touchdown (shown in FIG. 10 by marker 1008A) may be consideredto take place when the hand 1004 touches, passes through, approacheswithin some minimum distance of, etc. the boundary 1016. Likewise, ananalog to liftoff (shown in FIG. 10 by marker 1008B) may be consideredto take place when the hand 1004 discontinues contact with, exits, movesaway from, etc. the boundary 1016, and continued contact, proximity,etc. between hand 1004 and boundary 1016 may be considered as motionalong a surface, and so forth.

Inclusion of a boundary such as that in FIG. 10 may be useful in atleast certain embodiments. For example, by defining a surface or othergeometry—even that geometry may have no physical substance—certaindefinitions may be improved and/or made more convenient. With thepresence of a boundary 1016 surface, a free space swipe standard may bedefined such that the user's hand 1004 must contact that boundary 1016surface, for example, and any motion that does not include appropriatecontact between the hand 1004 and the boundary 1016 surface may beignored as not constituting a free space swipe. This may for example aidin discerning input gestures from noise, differentiating similargestures from one another, and so forth.

In addition, if the boundary 1016 is made visible to the user—forexample being displayed as an augmented reality entity on a head mounteddisplay—the boundary 1016 may assist the user in delivering free spacegestures, for instance serving as a visible guide as to where and/or howsuch gestures are to be executed in order to be accepted as input.

Moving on to FIG. 11A, therein is shown a first part of another examplearrangement for discerning a free space swipe gesture according tovarious embodiments, again incorporating a boundary 1116A therein, witha hand 1104A in an initial position above the boundary 1116A. However,as may be seen, the boundary 1116A in FIG. 11A is not planar as in FIG.10 , but rather encompasses a volume. The boundary may be defined eithervolumetrically (i.e. the entire volume is the boundary) or as anenclosing surface; for purposes of explanation herein eitherinterpretation may be made with respect to FIG. 11A.

In FIG. 11B, as may be seen the hand 1104B has descended into theboundary 1116B, indicated by motion arrow 1106B. A contact marker 1108Balso is shown, where the index finger of the hand 1104B intersects thesurface of the boundary 1116B. The arrangement shown is an example; forother embodiments, the entire portion of the hand 1104B within theboundary 1116B may be considered to make contact with the boundary (suchthat contact is not a point), the contact point may be considered to beat and move with the tip of the index finger of the hand 1104B (or someother feature), etc., and other arrangements also may be equallysuitable.

Continuing in FIG. 11C, as may be seen from motion arrow 1106C the hand1104C has moved to the right (as seen by the viewer) while maintaining acontact point 1108C with the boundary 1116C. Likewise in FIG. 11D asseen from the motion arrow 1106D the hand 1104D has moved to the rightand upward, leaving contact with the boundary 1116D at contact marker1108D.

Thus as may be seen from FIG. 10 and FIG. 11A through FIG. 11D, aboundary is not limited to one particular form. Although only two formsare shown, other embodiments may vary considerably, incorporatingboundaries including but not limited to curved surfaces and volumes,multiple surfaces, and other arrangements.

In addition, for certain embodiments it may be useful to arrange aboundary so as to at least substantially align with some or all of aphysical object, such as a table, desk, window, clipboard, etc. Forexample, aligning a boundary with a physical-world desktop may providetactile feedback, i.e. the user may feel a physical contact betweenfingertips and desktop at least somewhat analogous to a contact betweenfingertips and a touch pad, even though no physical touch pad may bepresent. It is noted that the degree of alignment between a boundary anda physical object is not required to be perfect or even near-perfect.For example, to continue the example of a boundary aligned with adesktop, a misalignment of several millimeters, or even a centimeter ormore, still may facilitate the user's tactile interpretation of “using atouch screen” (even if no physical touch screen is present). Whether theuser notices or not does not necessarily limit the degree of alignment;even if misalignment is detectable to a user, the tactile feedback orother advantages may be enabled nonetheless. No strict measured,mathematical, or logical limit of alignment is necessarily imposed forvarious embodiments, so long as functionality is maintained.

Indeed, for at least some embodiments a misalignment (whether deliberateor incidental) may be useful in itself. To continue the above example, amisalignment such that the boundary is some distance above the desktopmay enable a user to hold his or her fingertips above the desktop so asto carry out “hover” actions (e.g. as may be analogous to a “mouse-over”for a computer mouse). However, these are examples only, and otherarrangements may be equally suitable.

The arrangements shown in FIG. 10 through FIG. 11D may be referred to as“passive explicit”. That is, an explicit analog to a touch down eventand similar events may be provided, for example by defining a boundaryand considering contact with that boundary as representing a touchdown.Such an arrangement may also be considered passive, in that the userhimself or herself is not necessarily required to “do anything” toindicate contact or an equivalent thereof. Rather, the user simplycarries out free space inputs, and contact with the boundary is made (oris not).

Now with reference to FIG. 12A through FIG. 12D, a free space standardaccording to may include some indication identifying (for example) ahand motion as a gesture. In the example shown, the indication is anexplicit additional hand posture, specifically an extended littlefinger.

In FIG. 12A, a hand 1204A is visible, prior to executing a free spaceswipe gesture. It is noted that although the index finger thereof isextended, the little finger thereof is not. Moving on to FIG. 12B, thehand 1204B is again shown, still in an initial position, but the littlefinger thereof is now extended; in this example, the little finger isextended as an indication 1218B of gestural input. That is, the extendedlittle finger signifies (e.g. to a processor evaluating sensor data)that motions carried out should be considered to have some property,such as being read as a swipe, as another gesture, as one of a group ofgestures, etc. (though in the example shown the motions represent aswipe).

In FIG. 12C, the hand 1204C may be seen to have moved from left to right(as viewed by the person controlling the hand 1204C), as indicated bymotion arrow 1206C, with the little finger still extended as anindication 1218C. In FIG. 12D, with the motion complete, the littlefinger has again been curled.

Thus in the arrangement of FIG. 12A through FIG. 12D, the extendedlittle finger may serve as an indication relevant to an input standard.The precise meaning of the indication may vary; even within the exampleshown, the indication may refer specifically to a swipe input, moregenerally to an input that should be taken as touching a virtualsurface, as an input to be considered only by certain programs or undercertain circumstances, etc. Likewise, although FIG. 12A through FIG. 12Dshow an extended little finger, other indications may be equallysuitable. For example, a swipe gesture standard may require that theindex finger be extended, while a tap gesture standard requires thatboth the index and middle fingers be extended together, so as tofacilitate distinguishing swipe inputs from tap inputs. Indications arenot limited only to hand or finger positions, and the range of potentialindications within the scope of various embodiments is potentially quitelarge.

Typically, though not necessarily, an indication may be at leastsubstantially contemporary with a motion so as to represent a gesturecollectively. To continue the example in FIG. 12A through FIG. 12D, theextended little finger—the indication—is present (that is, the finger isextended) throughout the hand motion, so as to identify the hand motionas a gesture for input purposes. Thus, the indication in FIG. 12Athrough FIG. 12D may be said to be contemporary with the motion.

However, as may be seen from FIG. 12A and FIG. 12D the indication(extended little finger) also is present even when the hand is notmoving. As may be understood from FIG. 12A and FIG. 12D, it is notrequired that the indication be fully contemporary with a motion (orother input); that is, the indication may precede and/or follow themotion, and/or the motion may precede and/or follow the indication.Thus, an arrangement wherein a little finger is extended and then curledagain still may serve as an indication, e.g. that the next hand motionis to be considered as gesture input. In addition, although it may beconvenient for at least some embodiments to utilize an indication thatis partly or entirely contemporary with a motion, this is an exampleonly, and other arrangements may be equally suitable.

The arrangements shown in in FIG. 12A through FIG. 12D may be referredto as “active explicit”. Again, an explicit analog to a touch down eventand similar events may be provided, for example in the form of anindication such as a hand posture. That indication is actively provided,for example through the user extending a finger, otherwise altering ahand posture, etc.

Thus, collectively four broad categories of approaches according tovarious embodiments have been described, so as to support free spaceinput for surface constrained control. Put in somewhat colloquial terms,these four approaches—continuous implicit, discrete implicit, passiveexplicit, and active explicit—serve as tools for addressing differencesbetween free space inputs and surface constrained inputs. Thus, throughthe use of one or more such approaches according to various embodiments,information sufficient to discern and distinguish equivalents of touchscreen inputs may be obtained from free space inputs, and free spacegestures therefor may for at least certain purposes replace or “stand infor” touch screen inputs. Such arrangement enables, or at leastcontributes to enabling, control of devices, systems, etc. that accepttouch screen inputs through the use of free space gestures.

Although four such example approaches have been described, theapproaches are not necessarily limited only to these four, and otherarrangements for discerning and/or distinguishing free space inputs soas to enable invoking surface constrained inputs may be equallysuitable. In addition, the approaches shown are not necessarilyexclusive; for example, certain free space gestures may be addressedusing a continuous implicit approach while others (even for the samedevice, system, etc.) may be addressed using a discrete implicitapproach. Likewise, certain free space gestures may be addressed usingeither or both of two or more approaches, e.g. either crossing a planarboundary or executing a hand posture indication may be acceptable for agiven embodiment.

It is noted that in at least certain examples presented herein, eachfree space input—such as a right swipe gesture—may be referred to ascorresponding to a surface constrained input, and/or to a response,singular. However, this is done for simplicity. Embodiments do notrequire a one to one correspondence between free space inputs, surfaceconstrained inputs, and/or responses. For example, two or more freespace gestures may invoke a single surface constrained input response,and other arrangements also may be equally suitable.

Now with reference to FIG. 13 , an example method for applying freespace input for surface constrained control is shown therein. As notedpreviously, various embodiments support enabling discerning and/ordistinguishing free space gestures, and communicating such gestures soas to be usable as input. Both are presented in broad terms in FIG. 13 ;the former has been described in some detail already, and additionalinformation will be presented later herein. The latter also will bedescribed in more detail later herein.

In FIG. 13 , a free space input standard is established 1332 in aprocessor. As has been previously described, a free space input standarddefines what does and/or does not constitute a particular free spaceinput for a given embodiment. For example, a free space swipe gesturemay include motion of a hand or other end effector along certain paths,within a specified range of speeds and accelerations, in a certainconfiguration (e.g. index finger extended, others curled), whileexcluding other factors such as motion in the first joint of the indexfinger. The free space input standard is not limited with regard to whatmay be required, excluded, or otherwise specified thereby.

Typically, though not necessarily, the free space input standard may toat least some degree correspond with a surface constrained input such asa touch screen input, e.g. a free space swipe may have similar motionsas, visually resemble, evoke, etc. a touch screen swipe.

It is noted that to “establish” something may, depending on particulars,refer to either or both the creation of something new (e.g. establishinga business, wherein a new business is created) and the determination ofa condition that already exists (e.g. establishing the whereabouts of aperson, wherein the location of a person who is already present at thatlocation is discovered, received from another source, etc.). Similarly,establishing a free space input standard may encompass several potentialapproaches, including but not limited to the following.

Establishing a free space input standard on a processor may includeinstantiating the free space input standard onto the processor from somesource, for example a data store such as a hard drive or solid statedrive, through a communicator such as a wired or wireless modem, etc.Establishing a free space input standard also may include creating thefree space input standard within the processor, for examplecomputationally through the use of executable instructions thereon.Embodiments are not limited insofar as how a free space input standardmay be established. It is required only that a free space input standardthat is functional is in some fashion made available. Other arrangementsthan those described may be equally suitable. Also, where used withregard to other steps herein, establishing should be similarly beinterpreted in a broad sense.

Similarly, embodiments are not limited with regard to the nature of thefree space input standard. Typically the free space input standard maybe a collection of data and/or executable instructions instantiated onthe processor, such as a file or program or some portion thereof.However, this is an example only, and other arrangements may be equallysuitable.

Embodiments also are not particularly limited with regard to theprocessor on which the free space input standard is established. A rangeof general-purpose, special-purpose, and embedded systems may besuitable for use as a processor. Moreover, it may be equally suitablefor the processor to include two or more physical or logical processorsand/or processor components, or to be a “virtual” processor. Otherarrangements also may be equally suitable.

The previously noted function of enabling discerning and/ordistinguishing free space gestures may in some sense be considered to besummarized in step 1332. While determining whether a particularphenomenon (gesture, posture, etc.) represents a free space input—thatis, whether the free space input standard is satisfied—is addressedsubsequently in FIG. 13 , the input may be in some sense defined orcreated in step 1332. Thus, certain discussions above with regard toFIG. 5 through FIG. 12D may be considered as being particularly relevantto step 1332.

Continuing in FIG. 13 , free space input is sensed 1334 with a sensor.Embodiments are not limited with regard to what sensor or sensors areused for sensing 1334 the free space input, nor with regard to how thefree space input may be sensed 1334. Typically though not necessarily,some form of imager such as a camera, depth camera, etc. may be utilizedto capture one or more images and/or video segments, such that position,motion, and so forth as may be indicative of free space input may bedetermined therefrom. Use of cameras, including but not limited to CMOSand CCD cameras, may be suitable for certain embodiments, but otherarrangements may be equally suitable. Furthermore, although step 1334refers to a singular sensor, the use of multiple sensors, whethersimilar or different, operating independently or in concert (such as astereo pair of imagers), may be equally suitable.

The free space input is communicated 1336 to the processor. Embodimentsare not limited with regard to the content and/or form of thecommunication, e.g. images, video, numerical data, etc. Embodiments alsoare not limited with regard to how the free space input may becommunicated. Typically though not necessarily, a sensor may be disposedin the same device or system as the processor, and communication may bethrough a wired link. However, other arrangements, including but notlimited to wireless communication (whether or not the sensor andprocessor are in the same device or system, or are close or at greatdistance) may be equally suitable.

A determination 1338 is made in the processor as to whether the freespace input (as sensed in step 1334 and communicated to the processor instep 1336) satisfies the standard therefor (as established in step1332). Typically though not necessarily this determination may have theform of a comparison carried out by executable instructions instantiatedon the processor, but other arrangements may be equally suitable.

If the determination 1338 is positive—if the free space input satisfiesthe standard therefor—then the method continues with step 1340. If thedetermination 1338 is negative—if the free space input does not satisfythe standard therefor—then step 1340 is skipped.

Continuing in step 1340, a surface constrained input response isinvoked. That is, some function, action, etc. that typically may beassociated with a surface constrained input such as a touch screen inputis caused to be carried out. This may be considered in some sense torepresent the previously noted function of communicating and/orinterpreting free space gestures so as to be usable as surfaceconstrained input. Approaches therefor are described in greater detailsubsequently herein. However, it is noted that embodiments are notparticularly limited with regard to how a surface constrained inputresponse may be invoked. Suitable approaches may include, but are notlimited to, “spoofing” or generating virtual or “counterfeit” signalsrepresentative of real world touch screen input, producing virtualsignals confirming that a touch screen input has been received, anddirectly activating or carrying out commands associated with touchscreen input.

Although FIG. 13 shows the method as being complete after step 1340 forpurposes of simplicity, in practice a method may repeat, for examplereturning to step 1334 in a loop so as to sense free space input in anongoing fashion.

Now with reference to FIG. 14 , therein is shown another example methodaccording for applying free space input for surface constrained control.The arrangement shown in FIG. 14 more specifically addresses an exampleutilizing a continuous implicit approach (as previously illustrated anddescribed herein).

In FIG. 14 , a free space input standard is instantiated 1432 in aprocessor, for example by loading the free space input standard onto theprocessor from a data store such as a solid state drive; suchinstantiation may be considered to be an example of establishing thestandard as described previously with regard to FIG. 13 and elsewhereherein.

Instantiating 1432 the free space standard may be considered as severalsub steps, and/or to exhibit several features, identified in FIG. 14 as1432A through 1432F. The specifics thereof are an example only, and moreparticularly present an example of a continuous implicit approach, i.e.wherein free space input is defined as (and/or subsequently treated as)a single substantially continuous motion, without necessarily includingan explicit “stand in” for features as may be associated with a touchscreen input (or other surface constrained input) such touchdown, etc.

For purposes of example, the free space input standard instantiated 1432on the processor in FIG. 14 (and likewise FIG. 15 , FIG. 17 , and FIG.18 ) is presented as a right swipe motion in free space, e.g. similar tocertain other free space inputs previously described and shown herein.Embodiments are not limited only to right swipes, and other arrangementsmay be suitable.

In the example arrangement of FIG. 14 , the free space input standard asinstantiated 1432 on the processor includes therein requiring 1432A thatan extended index finger serve as an end effector for delivering thefree space input. Thus, for the specific example of FIG. 14 , use of astylus or other end effector may not be recognized as satisfying thefree space input standard, and thus even an input otherwise satisfyingthe free space input standard may not be accepted if not delivered withan extended index finger.

Embodiments are not limited by the manner in which the free space inputmay be defined so as to limit inputs only to those delivered with anextended index finger as an end effector. For at least certainembodiments, it may be useful to obtain one or more images or videoclips and identify the presence (or absence) of an extended index fingertherein through image recognition. Outlines of fingers and/or hands,models of hands (e.g. articulated models including “joints”, rigid“bones”, etc.) and so forth may be utilized as part of image recognitionand/or independently. Motion tracking of potential end effectors throughmultiple images and/or video may be considered. Stereo sensing,time-of-flight sensing, focal depth sensing, and/or other approachesincorporating depth and/or distance as a third dimension also may beconsidered. These are examples only, and other arrangements also may beequally suitable. Although many approaches may be utilized to determinewhether a free space input is delivered, or is not delivered, by anindex finger or other particular end effector, embodiments are notlimited with regard to what particular approach(es) may be so utilized.

More broadly, although sub step 1432A may be implemented in a variety ofmanners, embodiments are not limited to how step 1432A is implementedLikewise, steps 1432B through 1432F and other steps in FIG. 14 andelsewhere are presented as examples, and should not be considered tolimit embodiments to any particular manner for the execution and/orimplementation thereof, unless otherwise specified herein.

Continuing in FIG. 14 , the free space input standard as instantiated1432 on the processor includes therein excluding 1432B the extension ofother fingers. That is, if a finger other than the index finger isextended, the free space input standard may not be satisfied, such thateven an input otherwise satisfying the free space input standard may notbe accepted if delivered with a finger other than the index fingerextended.

Considered together, 1432A and 1432B may be understood as requiring thatthe index finger and only the index finger must be extended to input afree space input satisfying the free space input standard. As noted, theexample of FIG. 14 refers to a right swipe free space input. Together,1432A and 1432B may for example be useful in identifying hand motions asbeing free space input (e.g. by being done with the index fingerextended) and/or in distinguishing a right swipe input from other freespace inputs (e.g. some other gesture delivered with two fingers) and/orincidental motions.

The free space input standard also specifies 1432C a left to rightdisplacement range. That is, an overall change in displacement of theindex finger from left to right must be within a specified range, e.g.below some maximum and above some minimum. Such a range may be useful indefining a right swipe and/or distinguishing from other inputs and/orincidental motions, e.g. since a right swipe may in at least certaincircumstances be presumed to exhibit some minimum and/or maximum “size”in terms of overall right to left motion.

The free space input standard further specifies 1432D that motion (e.g.of the extended index finger) must exhibit downward motion, left toright motion, and upward motion, consecutively, and within specifiedranges (e.g. minimum and maximum motions, within some range of aparticular path shape, etc.). Such specification 1432D may be useful forexample in distinguishing a particular motion, in the example of FIG. 14a right sweep, through anticipated characteristic motions thereof.

Still with reference to FIG. 14 , the free space input standard limits1432E bounce acceleration. As previously noted, certain free spaceinputs such as a tap may under at least some circumstances bear someresemblance to a right swipe. More broadly, free space inputs may insome manner resemble one another particularly if those inputs divergeand/or degenerate from an ideal form (for example if a user becomes“sloppy” in delivering inputs). As also noted previously, in at leastcertain circumstances individual features, in this example bounceacceleration, may be utilized to distinguish potentially similarappearing free space inputs even with some degree of degeneration. Forexample, a tap may include an acceleration profile that may be referredto as a bounce—a downward motion that is rapidly reversed to an upwardmotion—while a swipe may not include such acceleration. Thus by limiting1432E bounce acceleration to some maximum, taps (including but notlimited to degenerate taps that include some left to right motion so asto resemble right swipes) may be excluded; in different terms, a swipemay be discerned from among possible non-swipe input and/or incidentalmotions through consideration of acceleration.

It is noted that for certain embodiments it may be useful to entirelyexclude bounce acceleration, or other potentially distinguishingmotions, accelerations, other features, etc. However, although suchabsolute exclusion is not prohibited, in at least some embodiments itmay be useful to permit at least some degree of such distinguishingfeatures, at least sufficient to accommodate certain forms of noise. Forexample, human hand motion may be imperfect (e.g. exhibiting tremors,motion from wind, variations in motion due to clothing restrictions orinjuries, etc.), sensing of motion by sensors may be imperfect,processor interpretation of motion based on sensor input may beimperfect, and so forth.

Such limit may be considered as representing (and may, in certainembodiments, be implemented with) a form of “low pass filter” formotion. For example, motion below a certain speed, and/or or below acertain displacement, a certain acceleration, etc. may be filtered outfrom consideration. Such an arrangement may eliminate small “wavers” orother incidental motions in a fingertip, for example. The low passfilter (if any) may be implemented within the sensor, within theprocessor, etc., and so may not in a very strict sense be part of thefree space input standard itself. However, in functional terms, applyinga low pass filter for motion to eliminate incidental wavering of afingertip, a low pass filter for acceleration to eliminate minoraccelerations too small to represent part of a tap gesture (as in theexample above), and so forth may serve similarly to including limits onmotion and/or bounce acceleration (and/or other features).

Continuing in FIG. 14 , the free space input standard limits 1432F therange of motion of the finger knuckles. As previously noted, certainother inputs and/or incidental motions besides right swipes may includeknuckle motion, e.g. a tap or touch may be implemented by moving theindex finger at the proximal knuckle thereof. As with bounceacceleration limited 1432E above, limiting 1432F knuckle motion may beuseful for example in discerning swipe input and/or excluding otherinputs and/or non-input motions.

Collectively, 1432A through 1432F may be considered to represent a freespace input standard as instantiated 1432 on a processor. Although thefree space input standard is shown in FIG. 14 as including multipleindependent factors (e.g. 1432A through 1432F) of various sorts(requirements, ranges, exclusions, etc.), embodiments are not limitedonly to defining a free space input in such fashion, nor to the variousexample factors 1432A through 1432F shown therein.

For example, a requirement that there be no stops and/or pauses inmotion during the gesture may be suitable, e.g. so as to avoid confusingtwo consecutive gestures with a pause therebetween for one longergesture Likewise, requiring motions to fall within anatomically and/orbehaviorally preferred motion arcs may be suitable. Human motionstypically may follow certain arcs and/or other paths, due to factorssuch as the physical structure of human joints, cultural preferences inmotions, individual habit, and so forth. In considering only inputsfollowing such parameters, non-input motions may potentially be excludedfrom consideration as possible gestures, for example.

In addition, although for simplicity the various factors referred to insub steps 1432A through 1432F are described as fixed, embodiments arenot limited only to free space input standards (or portions thereof)that are fixed. Standards may be variable based on user selections, maybe adaptive so as to respond and/or adjust to varying conditions and/orchanges in gestures being applied, and/or may change in other manners.

Other arrangements also may be equally suitable.

Still with reference to FIG. 14 , free space input is sensed 1434 with asensor. The free space input is communicated 1436 to the processor. Adetermination 1438 is made in the processor as to whether the free spaceinput satisfies the standard therefor. If the determination 1438 ispositive—if the free space input satisfies the standard therefor—thenthe method continues with step 1440. If the determination 1438 isnegative—if the free space input does not satisfy the standardtherefor—then step 1440 is skipped. Continuing in step 1440, a surfaceconstrained input response is invoked.

Now with regard to FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B, therein is shown anotherexample method for applying free space input for surface constrainedcontrol. The arrangement shown in FIG. 15 and FIG. 15B more specificallyaddresses an example utilizing a discrete implicit approach (aspreviously illustrated and described herein).

In FIG. 15A, a free space input standard is instantiated 1532 in aprocessor, for example by loading the free space input standard onto theprocessor from a data store such as a solid state drive; suchinstantiation may be considered to be an example of establishing thestandard as described previously herein.

As noted, the arrangement in FIG. 15A addresses a discrete implicitapproach, i.e. an approach considered in two or more distinct parts. Forpurposes of the example in FIG. 15A, the free space swipe input isconsidered in three parts: touchdown, swipe, and liftoff. The free spaceinput standard thus likewise is considered in three parts, andinstantiating 1532 the free space standard onto the processor similarlymay be considered as three discrete (though at least potentiallyrelated) sub steps. For purposes of illustration, those three sub stepsare referred to in FIG. 15A as instantiating 1532A a free spacetouchdown state sub-standard onto the processor, instantiating 1532B afree space swipe state sub-standard onto the processor, andinstantiating 1532C a free space liftoff state sub-standard onto theprocessor.

In turn, each of the sub-standards instantiated on the processor insteps 1532A, 1532B, and 1532C may be considered as several sub steps.

With regard to sub step 1532A, instantiating a free space touchdownstate sub-standard onto the processor includes therein requiring 1532A1that an extended index finger serve as an end effector for deliveringthe free space input, and excludes 1532A2 the extension of otherfingers.

The free space touchdown state sub-standard also specifies 1532A3 adownward motion within a range (e.g. some minimum and/or maximumdistance of downward motion for the extended index finger).

Still with reference to FIG. 15A, the free space touchdown statesub-standard limits 1532A4 bounce acceleration, and also limits 1532A5the range of motion of the finger knuckles.

Collectively, 1532A1 through 1532A5 may be considered to represent afree space state sub-standard (more particularly for a touchdown state)as instantiated 1532A on a processor. Although as noted already the freespace touchdown state sub-standard is shown in FIG. 15A as includingmultiple independent factors (e.g. 1532A1 through 1532A5) of varioussorts (requirements, ranges, exclusions, etc.), embodiments are notlimited only to defining a free space input in such fashion, nor to thevarious example factors 1532A1 through 1532A5 shown therein. Otherarrangements may be equally suitable.

At this point it may be useful to note a contrast between thearrangements of FIG. 14 and FIG. 15A. Where the arrangement of FIG. 14specified an overall left to right motion range (1432C) and a sequenceof downward, left to right, and upward motion considered as a singlecontinuous input, the arrangement in FIG. 15A addresses each of threemotions (downward, left to right, upward) as individual states. Thus,although the sub steps in 1532A (and likewise in 1532B and 1532C below)differ somewhat, the overall motion and input may be similar. Eventhough the overall actions taken by a user to generate an input (theswipe motions) may be similar or even identical for the arrangementsshown in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15A, the manner in which those actions areinterpreted may vary from one embodiment to another. More concretelywith regard to FIG. 14 and FIG. 15A, the arrangement of FIG. 14considers a free space input standard in terms of a continuous motion,while the arrangement of FIG. 15A considers a free space input standardin terms of three distinct states.

Continuing in FIG. 15A (and still with regard to step 1532 thereof),with regard to sub step 1532B, instantiating a free space touchdownstate sub-standard onto the processor includes therein requiring 1532B1that an extended index finger serve as an end effector for deliveringthe free space input, and excludes 1532B2 the extension of otherfingers.

The free space touchdown state sub-standard also specifies 1532B3 a leftto right motion within a range, limits 1532B4 bounce acceleration, andalso limits 1532B5 the range of motion of the finger knuckles.

Still with regard to step 1532 in FIG. 15A, with regard to sub step1532C instantiating a free space touchdown state sub-standard onto theprocessor includes therein requiring 1532C1 that an extended indexfinger serve as an end effector for delivering the free space input, andexcludes 1532C2 the extension of other fingers. The free space touchdownstate sub-standard also specifies 1532C3 an upward motion within arange, limits 1532C4 bounce acceleration, and also limits 1532C5 therange of motion of the finger knuckles.

Thus as shown in FIG. 15A, instantiating 1532 the free space inputstandard may be viewed as instantiating 1532A, 1532B, and 1532C threefree space state sub-standards for three distinct states.

As also may be seen in FIG. 15A, sub-standards as instantiated 1532A,1532B, and 1532C bear at least some similarity to one another. Forexample, 1532A, 1532B, and 1532C all require an extended index finger,limit bounce acceleration, etc. This may be useful for at least certainembodiments, for example as a matter of consistency of input. However,it is an example only, and different states (or other discrete portionsof input standards and/or input) are not required to include parallelsub steps, or otherwise to resemble one another, and other arrangementsmay be equally suitable.

Now with reference to FIG. 15B, free space input is sensed 1534 with asensor. The free space input is communicated 1536 to the processor. Adetermination 1538 is made in the processor as to whether the free spaceinput satisfies the standard therefor. If the determination 1538 ispositive then the method continues with step 1540, while if thedetermination 1538 is negative step 1540 is skipped. Continuing in step1540, a surface constrained input response is invoked.

Turning now to FIG. 16 , with regard to FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 free spaceinput standards, features thereof, state sub-standards and featuresthereof, etc. are described. In the examples of FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 suchfeatures as an extended index finger, particular motions and/or rangesof motion, limited accelerations, etc. are referred to. FIG. 16illustrates an example of how input may be sensed and/or how adetermination may be made as to whether such features are met (e.g. asin steps 1534 and 1538 in FIG. 15B).

In FIG. 16 , a sequence 1605 of hand representations is shown, alongwith a motion arrow 1606 indication direction of motion. The arrangementof FIG. 16 may be taken to indicate the position and configuration of ahand (or other end effector) as that hand moves through space and/orchanges in configuration over time, with each individual hand in thesequence 1605 representing the hand at a moment in time. (Forsimplicity, the hand configuration, e.g. the positions of the fingerswith respect to the hand, etc. is not shown to vary in FIG. 16 . Inpractice variation may occur, and embodiments are not limited only toarrangements where such change in configuration is absent.)

A sequence 1605 such as that shown in FIG. 16 may be acquired in variousways, for example by capturing a series of images over time, such thateach hand in the sequence 1605 as shown would represent the handposition and/or configuration in an individual image, that image furtherrepresenting a moment in time. Typically though not necessarily, such asequence 1605 may be acquired with an RGB camera, depth camera, or othersensor, with images and/or data from those images then beingcommunicated to and/or evaluated in a processor. However, it is notedthat the arrangement in FIG. 16 is illustrative only; such a visualarrangement may or may not be present at any point in any particularembodiment. Images may be considered individually, for example, withoutbeing arranged as shown in FIG. 16 . Alternately, a wireframe, skeleton,joint model, etc. or some other construct (potentially though notnecessarily derived from images) may be utilized in addition to or inplace of images. As yet another option, consideration may not begraphical at all, instead being numerical or taking some other form.

Regardless of how such a sequence 1605 is acquired and/or considered, itmay be understood that such a sequence 1605 as shown in FIG. 16 may beevaluated to determine positions, ranges of motions, velocities,accelerations, variations in joint position, etc., such as thosefeatures referred to previously with respect to steps 1432 in FIGS. 14and 1532 in FIG. 15 , respectively (though not limited only to suchfeatures).

In the arrangement shown in FIG. 16 , the motion represented therein isconsidered collectively as a single input, e.g. with a continuousimplicit approach (as may be seen from the single motion arrow 1606).However, turning now to FIG. 17 consideration of a sequence 1706 alsomay be considered as multiple motions, inputs, states, etc., asrepresented for example by motion arrows 1706A, 1706B, and 1706C. For anarrangement such as that in FIG. 17 , motion arrow 1706A may represent atouchdown state as exhibited by some or all of the sequence 1705, motionarrow 1706B may represent a swipe state as exhibited by some or all ofthe sequence 1705, and motion arrow 1706C may represent a liftoff stateas exhibited by some or all of the sequence 1705. The arrangement inFIG. 17 thus may be considered to represent a discrete implicitapproach.

It is noted that the sequence 1705 need not necessarily be itselfsubdivided in order to discern states that may represent only someportion of the sequence 1705. That is, the entire sequence 1705 may beevaluated when discerning each state (touchdown, swipe, and liftoff), oronly some portion may be evaluated for each state (e.g. roughly thethird on the right of the page for the touchdown, and so forth).

Similar arrangements may be understood from FIG. 16 and FIG. 17 as beingapplicable to passive explicit, active explicit, and/or otherapproaches. A passive explicit arrangement may be similar to that shownin FIG. 16 and/or FIG. 17 (since a boundary may exist only as a virtualor informational construct, such a boundary may not be visible), whilean active explicit arrangement may additionally include for exampleextension of a little finger or some other indication (as already shownin FIG. 12A through FIG. 12D).

Moving now to FIG. 18 , therein is shown another example method forapplying free space input for surface constrained control, addressing apassive explicit approach (as previously illustrated and describedherein).

In FIG. 18 , a free space input standard is instantiated 1832 in aprocessor.

Instantiating 1832 the free space standard onto the processor may beconsidered as several sub steps. A limited planar boundary is defined1832A. The boundary serves as an explicit “stand in” for a touch screenor other constraining surface, such that a user may deliver input infree space without such a constraining surface, and without necessarilyactively modifying such inputs (hence, “passive”). The boundarytypically though not necessarily may be an insubstantial constructdefined in space (e.g. by the processor), such as a virtual realityconstruct, an augmented reality construct, etc. that may be displayed toa person or persons who may deliver free space input therewith. However,the boundary is not required to be displayed, and constructs defined inspace without being visible (e.g. a mathematically defined region inspace specified within the processor without being outputted visually)may be equally suitable.

For purposes of FIG. 18 , the boundary is rectangular and planar (i.e.substantially two dimensional), such as the boundary previously shown inFIG. 10 . Such a boundary may be convenient, for example as beingsimilar to a physical touch screen with which users may be familiar.However, a rectangular planar boundary is an example only, and otherarrangements may be equally suitable. As shown and described previouslywith respect to FIG. 10 and FIG. 11A through FIG. 11D, the boundary maytake various forms, including but not limited to a plane or flatsurface, the surface and/or volume of a rectangular solid, a sphere orportion thereof, some other curved surface, an arbitrary surface orvolume, etc.

Continuing in FIG. 18 , instantiating a free space input standard ontothe processor includes requiring 1832B a touchdown between an extendedindex finger and the boundary. That is, an extended index finger mustcontact (or for an insubstantial boundary, coincide with and/or passthrough) the boundary. This may be understood as an explicit free spaceanalog of a touch screen touchdown event.

Instantiating a free space input standard onto the processor alsoincludes requiring 1832C a left to right motion of the index fingerwhile in contact with the boundary, and requiring 1832D a liftoffterminating contact between the index finger and the boundary. Theselikewise may be understood as explicit free space analogs of a touchscreen swipe event and a touch screen liftoff event, respectively.

Moving on in FIG. 18 , a free space input is sensed 1834 with a sensor.It is noted that although the sensor may sense motions, positions, etc.,the sensor may or may not sense the boundary. If, for example, theboundary exists partially or entirely as a construct within theprocessor, then it may not even be necessary to sense the boundary, asthe position, extent, etc. thereof would already be “known” by theprocessor. Regardless, sensory information of some sort typically may besensed 1834 by a sensor, including but not limited to position, motion,and configuration of a hand or other end effector with respect to theboundary.

The free space input is communicated 1836 to the processor. Adetermination 1838 is made in the processor as to whether the free spaceinput satisfies the standard therefor. If the determination 1838 ispositive then the method continues with step 1840, while if thedetermination 1838 is negative step 1840 is skipped. Continuing in step1840, a surface constrained input response is invoked.

Now with regard to FIG. 19 , therein is shown another example method forapplying free space input for surface constrained control, addressing anactive explicit approach (as previously illustrated and describedherein).

In FIG. 19 , a free space input standard is instantiated 1932 in aprocessor.

Instantiating 1932 the free space standard onto the processor may beconsidered as several sub steps. An indication is defined 1932A. Theindication serves to distinguish a free space input from other freespace inputs and/or from non-input such as incidental gestures. For theexample arrangement in FIG. 19 , the indication is defined 1932A asincluding an extended little finger. The indication itself may notnecessarily deliver the input (gesture, etc.), but may be considered asenabling the input. That is, the free space input may be a gesturedelivered with an extended index finger, and the index finger may bemonitored for that gesture (e.g. sensing position, motion, acceleration,etc. thereof), but that gesture nevertheless may not be accepted asinput unless the indication is present (or at least may not be acceptedas a particular input, e.g. not being accepted as a swipe butpotentially being accepted as a tap). Thus the input and the indicationmay be distinct from one another (though this is not necessarilyrequired for all embodiments).

Instantiating 1932 the free space standard onto the processor alsoincludes specifying 1932B a left to right displacement range of anextended index finger. For example, the extended index finger may berequired to have moved at least some minimum total distance left toright, without having moved more than some maximum total distance leftto right, etc. Also, as noted the input (in this case a swipe gesture)in the example of FIG. 19 may be delivered by an index finger, even ifenabled by an indication in the form of an extended little finger.

Instantiating 1932 the free space standard onto the processor alsoincludes specifying 1932B a left to right displacement range of anextended index finger. For example, the extended index finger may berequired to move at least some minimum distance left to right, withoutmoving more than some maximum distance left to right, etc. Also, asnoted the input (in this case a swipe gesture) in the example of FIG. 19may be delivered by an index finger, even if enabled by an indication inthe form of an extended little finger.

Instantiating 1932 the free space standard onto the processor furtherincludes specifying 1932C downward, left to right, and upward motions insequence. As described previously herein with regard to other examples,these motions may be specified in terms of displacement, speed,direction, some envelope or range of position over time, etc., and otherarrangements also may be equally suitable.

A free space input is sensed 1934 with a sensor. The free space input iscommunicated 1936 to the processor. A determination 1938 is made in theprocessor as to whether the free space input satisfies the standardtherefor. If the determination 1938 is positive then the methodcontinues with step 1940, while if the determination 1938 is negativestep 1940 is skipped. Continuing in step 1940, a surface constrainedinput response is invoked.

With regard to FIG. 14 , FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B, FIG. 18 , and FIG. 19collectively, although four approaches are shown therein embodiments arenot limited only to such approaches. For example, although adiscrete/continuous distinction is presented in detail only implicitapproaches such as those shown in FIG. 14 , FIG. 15A, and FIG. 15B, thenotion of discrete and/or continuous approaches also may be applied forexample to explicit approaches such as those shown in FIG. 18 and FIG.19 . Any combination of passive/active, explicit implicit, and/orcontinuous/discrete arrangements, as well as others, may be suitable foruse with various embodiments.

Thus far, attention has been directed towards discerning free spacegestures, for example in defining free space input and/or standardstherefor so as to enable conveniently adapting existing gestures fortouch screens to use as free space gesture input. As previously notedherein, enabling such adaptation through discerning free space gesturesrepresents one feature of various embodiments.

However, as also noted, embodiments are not limited only thereto. Oneadditional feature (though not necessarily the only such) may includecommunicating gestural and/or other free space input in such fashionthat such free space input is usable for systems configured for touchscreen or other surface constrained input. Put differently, if a touchscreen response is to be invoked in a system already configured fortouch screen input, how may that response be invoked with a free spacegesture. This feature is now addressed in more detail.

With reference now to FIG. 20 , therein is shown another example methodfor applying free space input for surface constrained control, utilizingan approach for invoking responses by delivering virtual or“counterfeit” input.

In the example arrangement of FIG. 20 , a data entity is establishing2030 on a processor. The data entity is adapted for invoking responsesto inputs delivered thereto. For example, for a portable electronicdevice, the data entity may be an operating system. In such a device,the data entity may be adapted to receive input from a surfaceconstrained input system and execute some response in reaction thereto.As a more concrete example, a smart phone or head mounted display mayhave an operating system such as Android instantiated thereon, with theoperating system being adapted to accept touch screen inputs and toexecute responses when touch screen inputs are delivered to the device.

However, it is emphasized that neither a touch screen nor anothersurface constrained input system is required to be present. A capacityfor recognizing input as from a touch screen may be present in the dataentity, but an actual touch screen may or may not be present. Indeed,one useful feature of various embodiments (though not necessarily theonly such) may be to enable utilization of that capacity for recognizingsurface constrained input, while delivering free space input.

Embodiments are not limited with regard to the nature of the dataentity. Typically though not necessarily, the data entity may be anassemblage of data and/or executable instructions instantiated on theprocessor, such as a computer program. Although at certain points hereinan operating system is presented as an example data entity, otherarrangements may be equally suitable.

In addition, the step of establishing 2030 the data entity may beoptional for at least certain embodiments, and may or may not beconsidered a part of a method. Although establishing 2030 the dataentity is shown in FIG. 20 for completeness, typically a suitable dataentity may already be instantiated on a processor, such as theaforementioned example of an operating system a portable electronicdevice. More colloquially, the operating system (or other data entity)may be “pre-existing”, and may not need to be established.

As noted previously herein, an advantage of various embodiments may beenabling the use of existing infrastructure (devices, operating systems,software, etc.) already adapted to accept touch screen and/or othersurface constrained inputs with free space inputs such as gestures. Byenabling such use of existing infrastructure, new devices, systems, etc.may be made to be backward compatible, the need to create new devices,operating systems, software, etc. may be diminished, and so forth. As amore particular example, a head mounted display may be controlled withfree space gestures, while utilizing smart phone processors, Android oranother mobile device operating system, running programs written toutilize smart phone processors and/or Android or another mobile deviceoperating system, utilizing libraries similarly written, and so forth.In some sense, various embodiments may be implemented “on top of”hardware, software, etc. that may not in itself be adapted for freespace gesture input.

Still with reference to FIG. 20 , a free space input standard isestablished 2032 on the processor. A free space input is sensed 2034with a sensor.

The free space input is communicated 2036 to the processor. It is notedthat although the data entity was established 2030 on the processor, thefree space input is not necessarily communicated to the data entity (andtypically is not, though other arrangements may be suitable). As may beunderstood, different data entities, executable instructions, programs,etc. may be disposed on a single processor without necessarily being incommunication with one another.

A determination 2038 is made in the processor as to whether the freespace input satisfies the standard therefor. If the determination 2038is positive then the method continues with step 2040, while if thedetermination 2038 is negative step 2040 is skipped.

Continuing in step 2040, a surface constrained input response isinvoked. That is, a response that may normally follow from a surfaceconstrained input is made to follow from the satisfaction of the freespace input standard. As a more concrete example, an action that is aresponse to a touch screen input is made to happen in response to a freespace input.

Embodiments are not limited with regard to how the surface constrainedinput may be invoked 2040. Previous examples herein have not addressedthe matter in detail, and a variety of approaches may be equallysuitable. However, it may be illuminating to present several examples ofapproaches for invoking surface constrained input responses; this ispresented in more detail with regard to FIG. 21 , FIG. 22 , and FIG. 23.

For example, as shown in the example of FIG. 20 the surface constrainedinput response may be invoked 2040 within and/or by addressing the dataentity. As noted previously, the data entity may for example be anoperating system. An operating system in a portable electronic devicehaving a touch screen may include therein various responsescorresponding with different touch screen inputs, for example, alongwith executable instructions, data, and/or other “machinery” adapted torecognize the touch screen inputs and carry out the appropriateresponses thereto.

In such an arrangement, as shown in FIG. 20 the step of invoking 2040 asurface constrained input response in the data entity may includeestablishing 2040A a virtual surface constrained input link from theprocessor to the data entity. That is, some arrangement is made suchthat the data entity may be communicated with, in such fashion that thedata entity recognizes the communication as being surface constrainedinput, even if the communication is virtual surface constrained input.More colloquially, a virtual or “counterfeit” connection correspondingto an input system, and/or a virtual input system itself, is placed incommunication with the data entity.

It is noted that strictly speaking, because the data entity is alreadyon the processor (as established in step 2030), the link from processorto data entity 2040A may be considered to be a link from the processorto the processor; the link does not necessarily represent a physicalconnection. Rather, the link may take the form of communicationprotocols, data formatting, activation of a port or a communication pathalready present with the data entity, etc. Various embodiments do notnecessarily require the creation of a new physical connection (thoughsuch also is not prohibited); rather, the link may be established 2040Aalong existing physical communication paths within the processor,utilizing existing executable instructions within the data entity (orsome other data entity), etc.

Still with reference to FIG. 20 , a virtual surface constrained input isgenerated 2040B in the processor, based on the free space input. Thatis, in the example of FIG. 20 a virtual input is generated that mimicsreal surface constrained input. As a more concrete example, a virtualright swipe gesture that at least somewhat resembles input that may begenerated and/or delivered from an actual touch screen is generated inthe processor.

The virtual surface constrained input is generated 2040B from the freespace input, at least in that the virtual surface constrained input thatis generated corresponds with the response that is to be invoked by thefree space input as defined by the free space input standard. That is,if the free space input standard defines a right swipe (in whateverparticulars), then the virtual surface constrained input will begenerated so as to be accepted by the data entity as a right swipe, withthe data entity then carrying out a response corresponding to a rightswipe input via a surface constrained input system.

Typically though not necessarily, the virtual surface constrained inputmay have a form and/or a content at least somewhat similar to practicalsurface constrained input. For example, a practical touch screen maygenerate touch screen data having a series of x and y coordinates overtime, representing the point(s) at which one or more fingers makescontact with the touch screen. A practical touch screen may alsogenerate other data, such as pressure applied, etc. Some arrangement ofx and y coordinates and pressure over time as generated from thepractical touch screen thus may represent a right swipe, or othergesture input. Similarly, virtual touch screen input may be generated toinclude x and y coordinates and pressure over time as may resemblepractical touch screen data for a touchdown and swipe (although for thevirtual touch screen input no touchdown and swipe may have actuallyoccurred).

In other words, the virtual x and y coordinates and pressure values overtime may at least substantially correspond with x and y coordinates andpressure values over time as may be generated by a practical touchscreen during a touchdown and swipe thereon. Exact correspondence maynot be required, nor will the degree of correspondence necessarily evenbe high; so long as the virtual touch screen input is accepted,correspondence may be sufficient. If low correspondence is sufficientfor virtual touch screen input to be accepted (i.e. the virtual data iscrude in form, lacking in some content, otherwise does not much “looklike the real thing”, etc.), low correspondence still may be sufficient.

However, in certain embodiments, the virtual surface constrained inputmay be generated 2040B with some degree of fidelity and/or variabilitywith respect to free space input. For example, a broad or fast freespace swipe may generate 2040B a broad or fast virtual surfaceconstrained swipe. For such an arrangement, each instance of virtualsurface constrained input may be unique, and/or may correspond to theparticulars of the free space input from which that virtual surfaceconstrained input is generated 2040B.

However, in other embodiments the virtual surface constrained input maybe generated 2040B as predetermined and/or fixed. That is, any freespace swipe gesture that satisfies the standard therefor (as in step2038) may result in generation of a single, standard virtual surfaceconstrained swipe gesture, regardless of the particulars of the freespace swipe gesture. A fast free space swipe would in such case resultin generation of the same surface constrained swipe as would a slow freespace swipe. In colloquial terms the virtual surface constrained inputmay be considered to be “canned”, or identical for all swipe inputs.

Other options may be equally suitable, including but not limited to ahybrid approach. For example, the virtual surface constrained input maybe generated 2040B from the free space input in a variable fashion, butwith restrictions placed thereupon. For example, motions may becompressed, truncated, etc. so that even if a swipe gesture were broaderthan may be physically possible with e.g. a smart phone touch screen,the virtual swipe input may be reduced in dimension so as to avoid an“error” response, etc.

Furthermore, in at least certain embodiments generating virtual surfaceconstrained input 2040B from the free space input may be sufficient asto render certain other steps unnecessary. For example, if the generatedvirtual surface constrained input is sufficiently realistic and/or“convincing” to the data entity, then the determination 2038 alreadydescribed may be omitted. That is, if virtual touch screen gestures aregenerated 2040B with sufficient fidelity, the data entity itself maysufficiently address the matter of whether an input has or has not beendelivered; the virtual touch screen inputs may be evaluated by the dataentity (e.g. through existing means for evaluating actual touch screeninputs), without necessarily requiring the actual free space inputs tobe evaluated.

Likewise, if the determination 2038 may be omitted, then instantiating2032 a free space swipe standard onto the processor also may be omitted;if no determination is made against the standard, the standard itselfmay be unnecessary.

Continuing in FIG. 20 , the virtual surface constrained input iscommunicated 2040C to the data entity by way of the virtual surfaceconstrained input link.

Thus, a response to surface constrained input is invoked 2040. At leastsome part of carrying out the response may be considered, for at leastsome embodiments, to take place in the data entity. For example, if thedata entity is an operating system on a portable electronic device, thatoperating system may already have (as noted above) the “machinery” inplace to carry out a response to a right swipe, a tap, a pinch, etc. Itis emphasized that although various embodiments may communicate with adata entity in such fashion, so as to invoke some function of that dataentity to be carried out, that data entity (operating system, program,other data entity, etc.) is not necessarily part of various embodimentsthemselves (although arrangements wherein the data entity is part of anembodiment also are not excluded).

In addition, it is noted that in invoking a response, variousembodiments may provide for controlling systems, hardware, etc. In someembodiments, for example, a smart phone with a touch screen, running anoperating system and programs thereon with no native capability forsensing and/or responding to free space gestures, may be controlled bythe use of free space gestures.

Now with reference to FIG. 21 , therein is shown another example methodfor applying free space input for surface constrained control, againutilizing an approach for invoking responses by delivering virtual or“counterfeit” input. The arrangement in FIG. 21 may be at least somewhatsimilar to that previously shown and described with regard to FIG. 20 .However, for purposes of clarity the arrangement of FIG. 21 shows a moreconcrete example, with regard to a portable electronic device and moreparticularly to a head mounted display (HMD) with a mobile operatingsystem (OS) running thereon, e.g. Android, iOS, Windows Phone, etc.

In the example arrangement of FIG. 21 , a mobile operating system isinstantiated 2130 on the processor of a head mounted display. The mobileoperating system is adapted for invoking responses to touch screeninputs delivered thereto. An actual touch screen system may or may notbe present in the head mounted display; so long as the mobile operatingsystem accepts and/or recognizes touch screen inputs, a touch screen ispermitted but is not required.

As noted with regard to FIG. 20 , the step of instantiating 2130 themobile operating system onto the processor of the head mounted displaymay be optional for at least certain embodiments, and may or may not beconsidered a part of a method.

Continuing in FIG. 21 , an interpreter is instantiated 2132 on theprocessor of the head mounted display. The interpreter includes thereina free space swipe standard, that is, a standard for determining whethera free space swipe gesture has been delivered or not.

The interpreter represents one possible, but not required, approach tocarrying out certain steps. It may be convenient in certain instances tointegrate standards for one or more free space inputs, executableinstructions for determining whether an input satisfies such a standard,communicating with the operating system, etc. into a substantiallyunified assembly. More colloquially, some or all functions of variousembodiments may be incorporated into a program as may be convenientlyloaded onto a processor in a head mounted display or other portableelectronic device so as to enable control of that device through freespace gestures. Such a program may be considered as interpreting a new“input language” (free space gestures) and producing effects of an inputlanguage that already exists in full or in part (a mobile operatingsystem with touch screen input capability). Correspondingly, such aprogram is referred to herein as an interpreter.

For purposes of example, the method shown in FIG. 21 includes such aninterpreter. (Certain subsequent figures likewise may reference theconcept of an interpreter, as well.) However, both the use of aninterpreter and the arrangements shown for an interpreter are examplesonly, and other arrangements may be equally suitable.

Still with regard to FIG. 21 , a free space swipe is sensed 2134 with asensor on the head mounted display. Typically though not necessarily,the sensor may be a camera, depth camera, or similar, though otherarrangements may be equally suitable.

The free space swipe input is communicated 2136 from the sensor to theinterpreter. A determination 2138 is made in the interpreter as towhether the free space swipe satisfies the standard therefor. If thedetermination 2138 is positive then the method continues with step 2140,while if the determination 2138 is negative step 2140 is skipped.

Continuing in step 2140, a touch screen swipe response is invoked in themobile operating system. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 21 , a virtualtouch screen link is connected 2140A from the interpreter to the mobileoperating system. Typically though not necessarily, the mobile operatingsystem may include therein some protocol for identifying andcommunicating with a physical touch screen. In connecting a virtualtouch screen link from the interpreter to the mobile operating system,this protocol of the mobile operating system may be addressed such thatthe mobile operating system recognizes the interpreter (or some portionthereof) as being a physical touch screen, and recognizes at least someinformation sent from the interpreter as being touch screen input from aphysical touch screen. In more colloquial terms, the interpreter informsthe mobile operating system that “I am a touch screen”, and arranges tosend touch screen data to mobile operating system. This despite theinterpreter typically not in fact being an actual touch screen, butrather presenting a virtual version thereof (and corresponding virtualdata).

In other words, it may be considered that in some sense the interpreter“spoofs” the mobile operating system, by connecting a counterfeit (i.e.virtual) touch screen to the mobile operating system for sendingcounterfeit (i.e. virtual) touch screen inputs thereto.

Still with reference to FIG. 21 , a virtual surface touch screen swipeis generated 2140B in the interpreter, based on the free space swipe.That is, a virtual input is generated 2140B that mimics a real swipe asfrom a real touch screen. As noted previously with regard to FIG. 20 ,the virtual touch screen swipe may be generated 2140B so as to be uniquefor each free space swipe, standardized for all free space swipes, somehybrid thereof, etc.

The virtual touch screen swipe is communicated 2140C to the mobileoperating system by way of the virtual touch screen link. Although FIG.21 shows the method as being complete after 2140C—at which point thetouch screen swipe response has been invoked 2140 within the mobileOS—actions carried out by the mobile operating system, the head mounteddisplay, etc. in executing the relevant response may continue,potentially for an indefinite period. For example, even though as shownin FIG. 21 the method therein is complete once the touch screen swiperesponse is invoked 2140, the effect of that invocation—for example,controlling the head mounted display in some fashion, such as by movingdisplayed content from left to right, calling up a menu, or some otherfunction (which may include, though is not required to include, physicalresponses to the head mounted display and/or some other hardware and/orsystem in communication therewith), etc.—may take place and/or endureafter the steps as shown in FIG. 21 are nominally complete.

In particular with regard to step 2140B, it is noted that in certainoperating systems, programs, and/or other data entities, an approachreferred to as “syntactical sugar” may be utilized thereby. Syntacticalsugar represents an arrangement wherein certain inputs and/or other datamay be defined in a standardized manner, and/or wherein such features asrecognition of inputs, communication of such inputs, responses to suchinputs, and so forth likewise may be standardized. As a more concreteexample, in a mobile operating system adapted to receive touch screeninput, the requirements for an input to be accepted as a right swipe,processing of inputs that are or are suspected to be a right swipe, anda command or other response to be executed when a right swipe input isreceived, may be integrated as an assembly of data and/or executableinstructions. More colloquially, a “building block” of code (alsoreferred to as the aforementioned syntactical sugar) may exist for aright swipe, such that when creating a program that is to respond to aright swipe that building block of code may be simply added as a whole.The use of syntactical sugar may be considered to be a work savingapproach: the need to define a swipe, write code to detect and identifya swipe, and so forth for each individual program thus may beeliminated, standards for coding programs potentially may be simplified,etc.

However, the use of syntactical sugar in such fashion may, for at leastsome embodiments, facilitate implementation.

For example, consider a mobile operating system for electronic devices,such as Android, iOS, Windows Phone, etc. Such an operating system mayfunction in part to mediate and support the use of various programs,libraries, etc. that also run on a processor within a portableelectronic device. The range of potential programs and other softwarethat an operating system may address is potentially quite large, andlikewise a given operating system may be used on a wide variety ofdifferent electronic devices. For simplicity, it may be useful tostandardize at least certain functions, such as touch screen gesturalinputs (among many potential others), so that such gestural inputs areconsistent across various programs and/or devices. More colloquially, itmay be useful to for “a right swipe to be a right swipe” for at leastsome if not all programs, devices, etc.

Syntactical sugar may be useful for pursuing such standardization. If,for example, a touch screen right swipe block is included in and/or madeavailable for an operating system, implementing the use of a right swipeas a touch screen input may simply utilize that block rather than codinginput standards, decision making, command calls, etc. from scratch.

Where syntactical sugar and/or some other standardization approach ispresent, use may be made thereof for at least certain embodiments. Tocontinue the example above, if a consistent implementation of a touchscreen right swipe is used with some or all electronic devices runningan operating system, and/or some or programs running on those electronicdevices, then it may be useful to configure executable instructions(and/or some other approach) for generating 2140B a virtual touch screenswipe based on that consistent implementation. If a wide range ofdevices and/or software handle touch screen inputs in the same fashion,even potentially to the extent of using the same or similar code (i.e.syntactical sugar), then the process for invoking touch screen inputsmay be simplified.

Thus, syntactical sugar may represent an opportunity for facilitatingimplementation in a practical and/or efficient manner. A set ofexecutable instructions adapted to generate 2140B virtual touch screenswipes may be written to correspond with the syntactical sugar for touchscreen right swipes, and so it may be anticipated that the virtual touchscreen swipes produced thereby may be reliably accepted as actual touchscreen swipes by a range of operating systems, programs, electronicdevices, etc., so that any corresponding responses thereto also may bereliably carried out.

It is noted that syntactical sugar is not necessarily part of variousembodiments, and neither syntactical sugar nor any other approach forstandardizing inputs and/or other functions in operating systems and/orfor electronic devices necessarily is done by, motivated by, or requiredfor, the use of various embodiments. Rather, such standardization mayalready exist in at least certain operating systems, programs,electronic devices, etc., and various embodiments may take advantage ofsuch for carrying out certain functions.

However, even if syntactical sugar is not used in operating systems,electronic devices, software, etc., embodiments nevertheless may stillbe utilized with such operating systems, electronic devices, software,etc. Absent syntactical sugar and/or other standardization, a moresophisticated set of executable instructions (or other approach) may beutilized for generating 2140B virtual touch screen swipes that may beaccepted as being actual touch screen swipes, for example, so as toprovide virtual touch screen swipes sufficiently realistic to meet thestandards of a range of programs, electronic devices, etc.

The consideration of syntactical sugar in certain embodiments may be insome sense analogous to consideration of standardized protocols forcommunication between actual touch screens and processors in touchscreen devices. Such standard communication protocols may exist, forexample to facilitate compatibility between various touch screens andvarious devices. Such touch screen communication standards may not havebeen created for or included with various embodiments, may not be partof various embodiments, and are not required to be present for allembodiments, nevertheless various embodiments may make use of suchcommunication standards (for example) in connecting 2140A the virtualtouch screen link and/or communicating 2140C virtual touch screenswipes.

Likewise, syntactical sugar may not have been created for or includedwith various embodiments, may not be part of various embodiments, and isnot required to be present for all embodiments, nevertheless variousembodiments may make use of syntactical sugar in generating 2140Bvirtual touch screen swipes (and likewise other virtual input). Thepotential use of syntactical sugar is noted herein as a particularexample for how certain functions may be implemented in practice, butembodiments are not limited thereto.

With regard to FIG. 21 , and to step 2140 therein, the examplearrangement shown therein invokes 2140 a touch screen swipe response by,in effect, submitted counterfeit touch screen inputs to a mobileoperating system. Such an arrangement may be useful for at least certainembodiments, for instance because a mobile operating system adapted tobe utilized with touch screen devices may already accept touch screeninput. That is, protocols for configuring touch screen input may existin the mobile operating system, pathways for communicating touch screeninput likewise may exist, etc., and the mobile operating system may“expect” such touch screen input (so that anti-virus software, errortrapping routines, and so forth may be unlikely to consider virtualtouch screen input as spurious data, an attack, etc.). Colloquially, atouch screen device already may be set up to receive touch screen input,so that sending counterfeit (virtual) touch screen input may befacilitated.

However, embodiments are not limited only to invoking responses throughthe use of virtual touch screen input, and other arrangements may beequally suitable.

For example, now with reference to FIG. 22 , therein is shown anotherexample method for applying free space input for surface constrainedcontrol. However, where the arrangement of FIG. 21 invokes responsesthrough the use of virtual touch screen input, the example of FIG. 22invokes responses through the use of virtual touch screen events.

In the example arrangement of FIG. 22 , a mobile operating system isinstantiated 2230 on the processor of a head mounted display. The mobileoperating system is adapted for invoking responses to touch screeninputs delivered thereto.

An interpreter is instantiated 2232 on the processor of the head mounteddisplay. The interpreter includes therein a free space swipe standard,that is, a standard for determining whether a free space swipe gesturehas been delivered or not.

A free space swipe is sensed 2234 with a sensor on the head mounteddisplay. The free space swipe input is communicated 2236 from the sensorto the interpreter. A determination 2238 is made in the interpreter asto whether the free space swipe satisfies the standard therefor. If thedetermination 2238 is positive then the method continues with step 2240,while if the determination 2238 is negative step 2240 is skipped.

Continuing in step 2240, a touch screen swipe response is invoked in themobile operating system.

With regard to the term “event” as used with respect to 2240, typicallythough not necessarily, the mobile operating system may include thereinsome internal arrangement for tracking events, such as events associatedwith touch screen input. If touch screen input is received in the mobileoperating system and is determined to represent (for example) a swipe,the touch screen input itself (e.g. detailed information regarding whereand when touchdown occurred, the path of contact during the swipe, thespeed of motion, etc.) may not be forwarded within the operating system.Rather, an event may take place within the operating system, and thatevent then forwarded. For example, if a touch screen swipe input isreceived in an operating system from a touch screen, a flag may be set,some form of logical state may be set such as “swipe=TRUE”, etc., as anindication that a swipe input has been received.

In the arrangement shown in FIG. 22 , a virtual event link is connected2240A from the interpreter to the mobile operating system. This may forexample represent identifying a portion of the operating system wherethe event is recorded (if any), executable instructions within theoperating system that control whether the event is determined to haveoccurred, etc.

Still with reference to FIG. 22 , a virtual touch screen swipe event isgenerated 2240B in the interpreter, corresponding to an event as maytake place within the operating system if a real virtual touch screenswipe had been delivered to and accepted by the operating system. Thatis, a virtual event is generated 2240B in the interpreter that mimics areal event that would take place within the mobile operating system.

The virtual touch screen swipe event is communicated 2240C to the mobileoperating system by way of the virtual event link. At this point, as faras the mobile operating system is concerned a touch screen swipe hastaken place, and a corresponding response may be carried out by themobile operating system.

In some sense, the approach shown in FIG. 22 may be considered as beingan “end run” around the touch screen system. Touch screen input data,whether real or virtual, may or may not be delivered to the operatingsystem; receipt and/or consideration of touch screen data, real orvirtual, is irrelevant. Rather, the part of the operating system that“knows” or “decides” whether a touch screen swipe has taken place ismade to accept that a touch screen swipe has indeed taken place. Iftouch screen input were considered to be a recording of some personscoring in a game, the event may be analogous to the point(s) received.Where the arrangement in FIG. 21 produces a counterfeit analogous to therecorded play, the arrangement in FIG. 22 alters the score directly.

An arrangement such as that shown in FIG. 22 may be useful for at leastcertain embodiments. For example, touch screen input may be relativelycomplex, and may be evaluated according to multiple and potentiallysophisticated criteria. Thus, producing virtual touch screen inputsufficient to “fool” a mobile operating system may be challenging; ifsystems are not standardized, e.g. with syntactical sugar as notedpreviously herein, the particular criteria that the virtual touch screeninput must meet may vary from one device, operating system, and/orprogram to another, again potentially requiring for more sophisticatedcounterfeiting to produce suitable virtual touch screen input.

By contrast, typically an input even may be relatively simple,potentially even a single bit of data, e.g. “it happened” or “itdidn't”. Generating 2240B virtual events may be relatively simple for atleast certain embodiments. On the other hand, connecting 2240A a virtualevent link and/or communicating 2240C a virtual touch screen swipe eventmay present challenges as well. For example, while a mobile operatingsystem designed to interface with a touch screen may be configured toreadily accept touch screen inputs, providing a well-defined path forsuch inputs to be delivered and so forth, such a mobile operating systemmay not necessarily be configured to readily accept events from externalsources if those events typically are to be generated within the mobileoperating system itself.

It should be understood that the approaches suitable for implementingvarious embodiments may vary depending on the particulars of a givenembodiment. In certain instances an arrangement similar to that in FIG.21 may be suitable, in others an arrangement similar to that in FIG. 22, in yet others still a different arrangement.

Now with reference to FIG. 23 , therein is shown another example methodfor applying free space input for surface constrained control. Theexample of FIG. 23 invokes responses through delivering commands to themobile operating system.

In the example arrangement of FIG. 23 , a mobile operating system isinstantiated 2330 on the processor of a head mounted display. The mobileoperating system is adapted for invoking responses to touch screeninputs delivered thereto. An interpreter is instantiated 2332 on theprocessor of the head mounted display. The interpreter includes thereina free space swipe standard. A free space swipe is sensed 2334 with asensor on the head mounted display. The free space swipe input iscommunicated 2336 from the sensor to the interpreter. A determination2338 is made in the interpreter as to whether the free space swipesatisfies the standard therefor. If the determination 2338 is positivethen the method continues with step 2340, while if the determination2338 is negative step 2340 is skipped.

Continuing in step 2340, a touch screen swipe response is invoked in themobile operating system.

In the arrangement shown in FIG. 23 , a virtual command link isconnected 2340A from the interpreter to the mobile operating system.This may for example represent identifying a portion of the operatingsystem that generates commands in response to a touch screen input, aportion of the operating system that communicates commands todestinations, etc. Where the arrangement of FIG. 21 delivered virtualtouch screen input, and the arrangement of FIG. 22 inserted virtualevents, the arrangement of FIG. 23 gives virtual commands to theoperating system.

A virtual operating system command is generated 2340B in theinterpreter, corresponding to a command as may be generated if a realvirtual touch screen swipe had been delivered to and accepted by theoperating system. That is, a virtual command is generated 2340B in theinterpreter that mimics a real command to the mobile operating system.Typically though not necessarily, the virtual command may be a commandfor the operating system to carry out the response that is to beinvoked, and/or for the operating system to instruct some other entity(such as an application, video driver, etc.) to carry out the responsethat is to be invoked.

The virtual operating system command is communicated 2340C to the mobileoperating system by way of the virtual event link. At this point, withthe virtual command given, the corresponding response may be carried outby the mobile operating system.

As the approach shown in FIG. 22 may be considered as being an “end run”around the touch screen system, the approach shown in FIG. 23 may beconsidered to be an “end run” around most or all of the input andevaluation capabilities of the operating system with regard to touchscreen input. Touch screen input data, events relating thereto, etc.,whether real or virtual may or may not be delivered. Rather, in thearrangement of FIG. 23 a suitable command may be delivered directly tothe operating system, without following the normal process used by theoperating system in generating such a command. If touch screen inputwere considered analogous to a recording of scoring in a game, and anevent analogous to the point(s) received, the command may be analogousas declaring victory (or defeat). The arrangement in FIG. 23 directlyinstructs the operating system to perform some function, through use ofa counterfeit command delivered to the operating system.

An arrangement such as that shown in FIG. 23 may be useful for at leastcertain embodiments. For example, delivering a command may be considereda very direct approach, in that no virtual data may be generated, novirtual events recorded, etc. In effect, the functioning of theoperating system itself may be to at least a degree ignored, by simplygiving an order rather than by causing the operating to determine thatsuch an order should be given. However, as noted with regard to FIG. 22, a mobile operating system may not necessarily be configured to readilyaccept internal commands from external sources. Indeed, such functionmay be considered to be a subversion of the operating system, and may beprevented through measures put in place to defend the operating system(such as anti-virus software).

Although FIG. 21 through FIG. 23 present three examples of approaches asmay be used to implement various embodiments, embodiments are notlimited only thereto, and other approaches may be equally suitable. Forexample, for certain embodiments commands might be generated in theinterpreter and communicated to applications, drivers, etc. within ahead mounted display or other device, cutting out the mobile operatingsystem entirely. In addition, hybrid arrangements, wherein multipleapproaches are combined, also may be suitable; the example approachesshown are not necessarily exclusive.

Furthermore, although the examples shown in FIG. 21 through FIG. 23refer for clarity specifically to a single case, namely a head mounteddisplay with an interpreter and a mobile operating system instantiatedonto a processor thereof, embodiments are not limited only to sucharrangements. Other devices, systems, approaches, etc. may be equallysuitable.

As previously noted, examples are provided herein with regard to atleast two notable features: adapting free space inputs as analogs forsurface constrained inputs, and invoking responses to free space inputsin systems configured to accept surface constrained inputs. Although forsimplicity these two features have been explained separately,combination of such features also may be suitable within variousembodiments. An example is shown in FIG. 24A and FIG. 24B. However, itis emphasized that although two such features are shown in detailherein, embodiments are not limited only to the features shown.

With reference to FIG. 24A, a mobile operating system is instantiated2430 on the processor of a head mounted display. The mobile operatingsystem is adapted for invoking responses to touch screen inputsdelivered thereto. An interpreter is instantiated 2432 on the processorof the head mounted display. The interpreter includes therein a freespace swipe standard.

With regard to instantiating 2432 the interpreter, and particularly toinstantiating the free space input standard thereof, in the example ofFIG. 24A a discrete implicit approach (at least somewhat similar to thatshown and described with regard to FIG. 15A) is presented. Threesub-standards, for touchdown, swipe, and liftoff states, areinstantiated on the processor in steps 2432A, 2432B, and 2432Crespectively.

With regard to sub step 2432A, instantiating a free space touchdownstate sub-standard onto the processor includes therein requiring 2432A1that an extended index finger serve as an end effector for deliveringthe free space input, and excludes 2432A2 the extension of otherfingers. The free space touchdown state sub-standard also specifies2432A3 a downward motion within a range, limits 2432A4 bounceacceleration, and also limits 2432A5 the range of motion of the fingerknuckles.

Continuing in FIG. 24A (and still with regard to step 2432 thereof),with regard to sub step 2432B, instantiating a free space touchdownstate sub-standard onto the processor includes therein requiring 2432B1that an extended index finger serve as an end effector for deliveringthe free space input, and excludes 242B2 the extension of other fingers.The free space touchdown state sub-standard also specifies 2432B3 a leftto right motion within a range, limits 2432B4 bounce acceleration, andalso limits 2432B5 the range of motion of the finger knuckles.

With regard to sub step 2432C instantiating a free space touchdown statesub-standard onto the processor includes therein requiring 2432C1 thatan extended index finger serve as an end effector for delivering thefree space input, and excludes 2432C2 the extension of other fingers.The free space touchdown state sub-standard also specifies 2432C3 anupward motion within a range, limits 2432C4 bounce acceleration, andalso limits 2432C5 the range of motion of the finger knuckles.

Now with reference to FIG. 24B, a free space swipe is sensed 2434 with asensor on the head mounted display. The free space swipe input iscommunicated 2436 from the sensor to the interpreter. A determination2438 is made in the interpreter as to whether the free space swipesatisfies the standard therefor. If the determination 2438 is positivethen the method continues with step 2440, while if the determination2438 is negative step 2440 is skipped.

Continuing in step 2440, a touch screen swipe response is invoked in themobile operating system. A virtual touch screen link is connected 2440Afrom the interpreter to the mobile operating system. A virtual surfacetouch screen swipe is generated 2440B in the interpreter, based on thefree space swipe. The virtual touch screen swipe is communicated 2140Cto the mobile operating system by way of the virtual touch screen link.

Now with reference to FIG. 25 , therein is shown an example embodimentof an apparatus, in schematic form.

In the example arrangement of FIG. 25 , the apparatus 2560 includes aprocessor 2562, with a sensor 2564 in communication therewith. Theprocessor further includes an interpreter 2568 disposed thereon. Inaddition, the arrangement of FIG. 25 shows a data entity 2566 disposedon the processor 2560. As noted previously, a data entity (such as anoperating system) may not necessarily be part of various embodiments,but nevertheless may be present and in communication with variousembodiments. The data entity 2566 is shown in dashed outline so as toemphasize this point.

The processor 2562 is adapted to execute executable instructionsinstantiated thereon. The invention is not limited with regard to thechoice of processor 2562. Suitable processors 2562 include but are notlimited to digital electronic microprocessors. Although the processor2562 is referred to in at least some places herein as a self-containedphysical device for purposes of clarity, this is not required, and otherarrangements may be suitable. For example, the processor 2562 mayconstitute two or more physical processors working cooperatively, aprocessing capability in a network without a well-defined physical form,etc.

The sensor 2564 is adapted to sense free space input. As shown in FIG.25 , the sensor 2564 is an imager, such as a color digital camera, depthcamera, etc. However, these are examples only, and embodiments are notlimited with regard to what sensors may be utilized therein. Suitablesensors may include, but are not limited to, digital and/or analogcameras (whether operating in grayscale and/or color, and whethersensing visible light, infrared light, thermal radiation, and/orultraviolet light) depth cameras, structured light sensors,time-of-flight sensors, and ultrasonic sensors.

As shown, the sensor 2564 is directly connected with the processor 2562,however this is an example only. Other arrangements may be equallysuitable, including but not limited to arrangements wherein the sensor2564 is not part of the apparatus 2560 at all, and/or wherein the sensor2564 is physically distant from the apparatus 2560. In addition,embodiments are not limited with regard to how the processor 2562 andsensor 2564 may be in communication. Although a hard wired link may besuitable as shown in FIG. 25 , other arrangements, including but notlimited to wireless communication may be equally suitable.

The data entity 2566, as noted, may be an optional feature for at leastcertain embodiments, and where present may or may not be part of theapparatus 2560 itself (as indicated by the dashed outline thereof).Where present, a data entity 2566 may be adapted to carry out or atleast to command to be carried out some function, such as a surfaceconstrained input response, when that function is invoked by variousembodiments. Embodiments are not limited with regard to what data entity2566, if any, may be present, and/or whether that data entity 2566 ispresent at all. In addition, although the arrangement of FIG. 25 showsthe data entity 2566 disposed on the processor 2562, the same processor2562 upon which the interpreter 2568 is disposed, this is an exampleonly.

Where present, the data entity 2566 may be present on a differentprocessor. For example, an apparatus 2560 may have a processor 2562 withan interpreter 2568 disposed thereon, which is in communication withanother processor. As a more concrete example, an apparatus 2560 mayexist as a “plug in” device, adapted to be connected with another deviceso as to provide additional functionality. In such instance, the plug indevice may have a processor 2560 separate from any processor that may bepresent in the other device. Similarly, the sensor 2564 shown as part ofthe apparatus 2560 may be a sensor on the other device, with thecapability of that sensor 2564 then being utilized for the purposes ofvarious embodiments.

Still with reference to FIG. 25 , as noted an interpreter 2568 isdisposed on the processor 2562. As previously described, an interpreter2568 may include and/or represent two or more functions of variousembodiments, such as a free space input standard and a comparer fordetermining whether free space input meets that standard. However, useof an interpreter 2568 is an example only, and other arrangements,including but not limited to arrangements wherein the free space inputstandard and comparer are individually disposed on the processor 2562,may be equally suitable.

Now with reference to FIG. 26 , therein is shown another exampleembodiment of an apparatus, in schematic form.

In the example arrangement of FIG. 26 , the apparatus 2660 includes aprocessor 2662, at least somewhat similar to that described with regardto FIG. 25 . The apparatus 2660 also includes sensors 2664A and 2664B incommunication therewith. Sensors 2664A and 2664B also may be at leastsimilar to that described with regard to FIG. 25 , however as may beseen embodiments are not limited to only one sensor; likewise, otherelements may be duplicated, combined, subdivided, etc.

The apparatus 2660 as shown in FIG. 26 also includes a communicator 2682in communication with the processor 2662, adapted to communicate betweenthe processor and other entities. Where a communicator 2682 is present,embodiments are not limited with regard to the communicator 2682.Typically though not necessarily a communicator 2682 may be a wirelesscommunicator, such as a Wi-Fi or Bluetooth communicator, but otherarrangements may be equally suitable.

The apparatus 2660 includes a display 2684 in communication with theprocessor 2662. As noted elsewhere herein, various embodiments may beapplied for example to portable electronic devices, including but notlimited to head mounted displays. Although embodiments do notnecessarily require a display 2684, a display 2684 as may be present incertain embodiments is shown herein as an example. As illustrated inFIG. 26 , the display 2684 is a stereo display, with left and rightscreens adapted to output to the left and right eyes of a viewer.However this also is an example only. Embodiments are not particularlylimited with regard to the type of display 2684. Typically, although notnecessarily, the display 2684 may be a visual display. Where present, arange of devices may be suitable for use as the display 2684, includingbut not limited to light emitting diodes (LED), organic light emittingdiodes (OLED), plasma screen panels (PDP), liquid crystal displays(LCD), etc. Likewise, the use of projected or transmitted displays,where the viewed surface is essentially a passive screen for an imageprojected or otherwise transmitted after being generated elsewhere, mayalso be suitable. Other arrangements including but not limited tosystems that display images directly onto a user's eyes also may beequally suitable. Either digital or analog display technologies may besuitable. Furthermore, embodiments are not limited only to the use ofvisual displays as a display 2684.

Still with regard to FIG. 26 , the apparatus 2660 as shown thereinincludes a data store 2686 such as a hard drive, solid state drive, etc.in communication with the processor 2662. Neither a data store 2686 northe functionality thereof is necessarily required for all embodiments,however previous examples and comments herein with regard to methods andapparatuses include references to data stores and/or otherdevices/systems, for example as facilitating instantiation of free spaceinput standards onto processors, etc. As a more concrete example, a datastore 2686 as shown in FIG. 26 may store information relevant to suchestablishment, that information being accessed by the processor 2662and/or instantiated thereupon. Embodiments are not limited with regardto the inclusion and/or connection of elements such as a data store2686, and while not necessarily required, neither are elements such as adata store 2686 (or communicator, display, etc.) prohibited. Embodimentsalso are not limited with regard to what data store 2686 may besuitable; although the data store 2686 is shown as a hard drive in FIG.26 , this is an example only and other arrangements may be equallysuitable.

The processor 2662 includes an interpreter 2668 instantiated thereon.Typically though not necessarily, the interpreter 2668 and/or elementsthereof may include executable instructions, data, etc.

As shown, the interpreter 2668 includes a free space input standard2670, with the free space input standard 2670 including state standards:state A standard 2670A, state B standard 2670B, state C standard 2670C,and state D standard 2670D. The use of state standards 2670A through2670D has been addressed previously herein, and is an example only;other arrangements, including but not limited to those also described indetail herein, may be equally suitable.

The interpreter 2668 includes a boundary standard 2672. Boundarystandards also have been previously described herein. It is noted thatprevious examples may not have combined state standards (e.g. 2670Athrough 2670D) with a boundary standard 2672. Likewise, not allembodiments including state standards 2670A through 2670D necessarilywill include a boundary standard 2672, or vice versa. Both are showntogether herein as examples (though an embodiment including both is notexcluded).

The interpreter 2668 includes an input comparer 2674 adapted to comparefree space input (e.g. as received from sensors 2664A and/or 2664B)against the free space input standard 2670 and/or state standards 2670Athrough 2670D thereof.

The interpreter 2668 further includes an invoker 2676, adapted to invokea touch screen input response. As shown in FIG. 26 , the invoker 2676includes a virtual touch screen link 2678A and a virtual input generator2680A; a virtual touch input event link 2678B and a virtual eventgenerator 2680B; and a virtual operating system command link 2678C and avirtual command generator 2680C. As noted, each such pair may be adaptedto invoke a touch screen input response in a different manner.Typically, though not necessarily, a given embodiment may include onlyone such pair: a virtual touch screen link 2678A and a virtual inputgenerator 2680A (adapted to communicate and generate virtual touchscreen input, respectively), or a virtual touch input event link 2678Band a virtual event generator 2680B (adapted to communicate and generatevirtual events, respectively), or a virtual operating system commandlink 2678C and a virtual command generator 2680C (adapted to communicateand generate virtual commands, respectively). All three pairs are shownin FIG. 26 for completeness, though typically only one such may bepresent (though embodiments having more than one are not excluded).

As noted previously with regard to FIG. 25 , although certain elementsof the apparatus 2660 are shown as being and/or being part of aninterpreter 2668, similar elements and/or similar functionality thereofmay be incorporated into various embodiments of an apparatus withoutnecessarily utilizing an interpreter 2668.

The apparatus 2660 also may include, and/or may address withoutnecessarily including, an operating system 2666 instantiated on theprocessor 2662, including but not limited to a mobile operating system.

Now with reference to FIG. 27 , embodiments are not particularly limitedwith regard to form, and may be disposed on and/or incorporated intomany shapes and/or other devices. Suitable configurations include butare not limited to the example shown in FIG. 27 , is illustrated anapparatus configured in the form of a head mounted display resembling apair of glasses.

As shown in FIG. 27 , the example embodiment of the apparatus 2760therein includes a body 2788 having a form similar to a pair of glasses,and adapted to be worn in a similar fashion. A processor 2762 adaptedfor executing executable instructions is disposed on the body 2788.Although not visible as distinct entities, the processor 2762 maysupport thereon an interpreter and a data entity similar to those shownin FIG. 25 , an interpreter (including a free space input standardand/or state standards, a boundary standard, an input comparer, and aninvoker including a virtual touch screen link and virtual inputgenerator, virtual input event link and virtual event generator, orvirtual operating system command link and virtual command generator) andan operating system similar to those shown in FIG. 26 , and/or someother arrangement of executable instructions and/or data.

The apparatus 2760 in FIG. 27 includes a communicator 2782 and a datastore 2786, both disposed on the body 2788. The apparatus 2760 alsoincludes sensors 2764A and 2764B disposed on the body 2788, illustratedin FIG. 27 as imagers in a stereo configuration, though these areexamples only. The apparatus 2760 further includes a display 2784A and2784B disposed on the body 2788, illustrated as left and right visualdisplays in a stereo configuration.

It is noted that in the arrangement shown, the body 2788 is configuredand sensors 2764A and 2764B are disposed thereon such that when the body2788 is worn by a viewer, display motion sensors 2764A and 2764B wouldbe substantially aligned with the lines of sight of the viewer's eyes,and could potentially encompass fields of view at least somewhatcomparable to those of the viewer's eyes, assuming display motionsensors 2764A and 2764B exhibit fields of view similar in extent tothose of the viewer. Similarly, in the arrangement shown the body 2788is configured and the display 2784A and 2784B disposed thereon such thatwhen the body 2788 is worn by a viewer, the display 2784A and 2784Bwould be proximate to and substantially in front of the viewer's eyes.

However, it is emphasized that the arrangement in FIG. 27 is an exampleonly, and that other arrangements may be equally suitable, including butnot limited to other head mounted displays and devices and systems otherthan a head mounted display.

FIG. 28 is a block diagram of an apparatus that may perform variousoperations, and store various information generated and/or used by suchoperations, according to an embodiment of the disclosed technique. Theapparatus may represent any computer or processing system describedherein. The processing system 2890 is a hardware device on which any ofthe other entities, components, or services depicted in the examples ofFIG. 1 through FIG. 27 (and any other components described in thisspecification) may be implemented. The processing system 2890 includesone or more processors 2891 and memory 2892 coupled to an interconnect2893. The interconnect 2893 is shown in FIG. 28 as an abstraction thatrepresents any one or more separate physical buses, point to pointconnections, or both connected by appropriate bridges, adapters, orcontrollers. The interconnect 2893, therefore, may include, for example,a system bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus orPCI-Express bus, a HyperTransport or industry standard architecture(ISA) bus, a small computer system interface (SCSI) bus, a universalserial bus (USB), IIC (I2C) bus, or an Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE) standard 1394 bus, also called “Firewire”.

The processor(s) 2891 is/are the central processing unit of theprocessing system 2890 and, thus, control the overall operation of theprocessing system 2890. In certain embodiments, the processor(s) 2891accomplish this by executing software or firmware stored in memory 2892.The processor(s) 2891 may be, or may include, one or more programmablegeneral-purpose or special-purpose microprocessors, digital signalprocessors (DSPs), programmable controllers, application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), trustedplatform modules (TPMs), or the like, or a combination of such devices.

The memory 2892 is or includes the main memory of the processing system2890. The memory 2892 represents any form of random access memory (RAM),read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, or the like, or a combination ofsuch devices. In use, the memory 2892 may contain a code. In oneembodiment, the code includes a general programming module configured torecognize the general-purpose program received via the computer businterface, and prepare the general-purpose program for execution at theprocessor. In another embodiment, the general programming module may beimplemented using hardware circuitry such as ASICs, PLDs, orfield-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).

The network adapter 2894, a storage device(s) 2895, and I/O device(s)2896, are also connected to the processor(s) 2891 through theinterconnect 2893 The network adapter 2894 provides the processingsystem 2890 with the ability to communicate with remote devices over anetwork and may be, for example, an Ethernet adapter or Fibre Channeladapter. The network adapter 2894 may also provide the processing system2890 with the ability to communicate with other computers within thecluster. In some embodiments, the processing system 2890 may use morethan one network adapter to deal with the communications within andoutside of the cluster separately.

The I/O device(s) 2896 can include, for example, a keyboard, a mouse orother pointing device, disk drives, printers, a scanner, and other inputand/or output devices, including a display device. The I/O device(s)2896 also may include, for example, cameras and/or other imagers adaptedto accept visual input including but not limited to postures and/orgestures. The display device may include, for example, a cathode raytube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), or some other applicable knownor convenient display device. The display device may take various forms,including but not limited to stereo displays suited for use in near-eyeapplications such as head mounted displays or other wearable devices.

The code stored in memory 2892 may be implemented as software and/orfirmware to program the processor(s) 2891 to carry out actions describedherein. In certain embodiments, such software or firmware may beinitially provided to the processing system 2890 by downloading from aremote system through the processing system 2890 (e.g., via networkadapter 2894).

The techniques herein may be implemented by, for example, programmablecircuitry (e.g. one or more microprocessors) programmed with softwareand/or firmware, or entirely in special-purpose hardwired(non-programmable) circuitry, or in a combination of such forms.Special-purpose hardwired circuitry may be in the form of, for example,one or more AISCs, PLDs, FPGAs, etc.

Software or firmware for use in implementing the techniques introducedhere may be stored on a machine-readable storage medium and may beexecuted by one or more general-purpose or special-purpose programmablemicroprocessors. A “machine-readable storage medium”, as the term isused herein, includes any mechanism that can store information in a formaccessible by a machine.

A machine can also be a server computer, a client computer, a personalcomputer (PC), a tablet PC, a laptop computer, a set-top box (STB), apersonal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, an iPhone, aBlackberry, a processor, a telephone, a web appliance, a network router,switch, or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set ofinstructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be takenby that machine.

A machine-accessible storage medium or a storage device(s) 2895includes, for example, recordable/non-recordable media (e.g., ROM; RAM;magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memorydevices; etc.), etc., or any combination thereof. The storage mediumtypically may be non-transitory or include a non-transitory device. Inthis context, a non-transitory storage medium may include a device thatis tangible, meaning that the device has a concrete physical form,although the device may change its physical state. Thus, for example,non-transitory refers to a device remaining tangible despite this changein state.

The term “logic”, as used herein, may include, for example, programmablecircuitry programmed with specific software and/or firmware,special-purpose hardwired circuitry, or a combination thereof.

The above specification, examples, and data provide a completedescription of the manufacture and use of the composition of theinvention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention, the inventionresides in the claims hereinafter appended.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: determining, by aprocessor, a surface constrained input standard for a surfaceconstrained input; associating a surface constrained input response withthe surface constrained input; determining, by the processor, a freespace input standard for a free space input, the free space inputconfigured to be received within an augmented reality construct definedby a volumetric three-dimensional virtual boundary in free space;determining that the free space input standard includes a first movementof a first digit of a hand of an individual while the first digit isextended and a second digit of the hand of the individual is alsoextended; determine that the free space input standard excludes thefirst movement of the first digit while the first digit is extended andthe second digit is not extended; associating, by the processor, thefree space input with the surface constrained input response; sensing,by a sensor integrated into a head mounted device, the free space input,wherein the free space input comprises: a first stroke of the firstdigit within the volumetric three-dimensional virtual boundary, whereinthe first stroke comprises the first digit moving from a first plane inthe volumetric three-dimensional virtual boundary to a second plane inthe volumetric three-dimensional virtual boundary; a second stroke ofthe first digit within the volumetric three-dimensional virtualboundary, wherein the second stroke comprises the first digit movinghorizontally along the second plane; a third stroke of the first digitwithin the volumetric three-dimensional virtual boundary, wherein: thethird stroke comprises the first digit moving away from the second planein the volumetric three-dimensional virtual boundary; and the firststroke, the second stroke, and the third stroke within the volumetricthree-dimensional virtual boundary mimic the surface constrained input;in response to sensing that the first stroke, the second stroke, and thethird stroke include the first digit being extended while the seconddigit is also extended, determining, by the processor, that the freespace input satisfies the free space input standard; in response tosensing that the first stroke, the second stroke, or the third strokeinclude the first digit being extended while the second digit is notextended, determining, by the processor, that the free space input doesnot satisfy the free space input standard; and in response to the freespace input satisfying the free space input standard, executing, by theprocessor, the surface constrained input response associated with thefree space input.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the free space inputstandard comprises a touchdown state sub-standard associated with an endeffector in free space.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the endeffector is the first digit or the second digit.
 4. The method of claim2, wherein the free space input standard comprises a standard foracceleration of a downward motion of the end effector that is rapidlyreversed to an upward motion.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein thestandard for acceleration is limited to a pre-defined maximumacceleration.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the free space inputstandard comprises a standard for a pre-defined range of downward motionof the end effector.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the free spaceinput standard comprises a standard for a pre-defined range of motion ofa knuckle of an index finger.
 8. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising sensing, by the sensor, a fourth stroke of the second digitof the hand within the volumetric three-dimensional virtual boundary,wherein the fourth stroke comprises: the second digit moving from beingextended to not being extended; or the second digit moving from beingnot extended to being extended.
 9. The method of claim 8, furthercomprising, in response to sensing the fourth stroke, determining thatthe free space input standard is not satisfied.
 10. The method of claim1, wherein the first stroke, the second stroke, and the third stroke area continuous movement.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the free spaceinput standard excludes motion of non-extended digits of the hand of theindividual.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the free space inputstandard comprises a swipe state sub-standard associated with an endeffector in free space.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the freespace input standard comprises a standard for a pre-defined range oflateral motion of the end effector.
 14. A method, comprising:determining, by a processor, a surface constrained input standard for asurface constrained input; determining, by the processor, a free spaceinput standard for a free space input, the free space input being asecond input configured to be generated within an augmented realityconstruct defined by a volumetric three-dimensional virtual boundary,wherein the volumetric three-dimensional virtual boundary is in a freespace; determining that the free space input standard includes a firstmovement of a first digit of a hand while the first digit is extendedand a second digit of the hand is also extended; determining that thefree space input standard excludes the first movement of the first digitwhile the first digit is extended and the second digit is not extended;sensing, by a sensor, the free space input within the volumetricthree-dimension boundary; determining whether the free space input inthe volumetric three-dimensional virtual boundary: satisfies the freespace input standard, wherein the first digit and the second digit areextended; and mimics the surface constrained input generated proximateto a physical surface along the two-dimensional physical plane; and inresponse to the free space input satisfying the free space inputstandard and mimicking the surface constrained input, executing asurface constrained input response associated with the free space input.15. An apparatus, comprising: a sensor adapted to: sense a firstmovement of a first digit of a hand of an individual within a volumetricthree-dimensional boundary while the first digit is extended and asecond digit is non-extended, wherein the volumetric three-dimensionalboundary is separate from a physical surface; and sense a secondmovement of the first digit within the volumetric three-dimensionalboundary while the first digit is extended and the second digit isextended, wherein the second movement mimics the surface constrainedinput; and a processor coupled to the sensor, wherein the processor isconfigured to: determine a surface constrained input standard for thesurface constrained input; determine a free space input standard for afree space input, the free space input being received within anaugmented reality construct defined by the volumetric three-dimensionalboundary separate from the physical surface; determine that the freespace input standard includes the second movement of the first digitwhile the first digit is extended and the second digit is extended, andexcludes the first movement of the first digit while the first digit isextended and the second digit is not extended; generate the free spaceinput that includes the second movement of the first digit and excludesthe first movement of the first digit; and execute a surface constrainedinput associated with the free space input.
 16. The apparatus of claim15, the free space input standard comprises a velocity state associatedwith an end effector in free space, wherein a velocity of the endeffector is excluded when the velocity of the end effector exceeds apredetermined value.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the firstdigit is an index finger and the second digit is a pinky finger.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 15, wherein the sensor is further adapted to, uponsensing the second movement, sense that the second digit is non-extendedindicating that the free space input is completed.
 19. The apparatus ofclaim 15, wherein the free space input comprises a swipe.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 19, wherein the swipe comprises a pre-defined rangeof lateral motion.